GMAT英语语法2：修饰语

目录：

1，名词的修饰语

2，动词的修饰语

3，对错句比较

一，名词的修饰语

1,名词

名词可以作为修饰语修饰另一个名词。

一个被修饰的名词和它的名词修饰语必须紧靠对方：

the village church

the car door

the kitchen window

the chair leg

my coat pocket

London residents

相对来讲，动词修饰语不需要一定紧靠它所修饰的动词。

2，形容词

例：Max’s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.(有可能是IRISH,ancestor是肯定的) supposedly 修饰 Irish 

A recent formed militia    wrong

A recently formed militia right (recently 修饰 formed) 

a bitterly civil war wrong

a bitter civil war right(bitter修饰war)

3，从句

1)，关系从句

Which That Who Whose Whom Where When

关系代词的一些限制：

who:

---指人。

---当被修饰的名词（人）为修饰从句的宾语时，可用whom或省略关系代词。

例：

The acquaintances who we like most wrong

The acquaintances whom we like most right

The acquaintances we like most right

whom:

---指人。

---当被修饰名词是句子的宾语时whom可以省去。

例：

Caroline receives e-mail from friends whom she knows well.   wrong

Caroline receives e-mail from friends  she knows well.     right    //Caroline knows them.

which:

---指物(things) 。

that:

---不可以指人。

--- 当被修饰名词是句子的宾语时 that可以省去。

例：

The movie that we watched last Friday was nice.  wrong

The movie we watched last Friday was nice.       right//We watched the movie.

Whose:

---即可指人也可指物 

例：

Bordeaux is a French region whose most famous export is the wine that bears its name.

Where:

---可以修饰表示实际概念地点的名词，例如area,site,country或者Beijing，Where不可以修饰一个隐喻，比喻，象征性的地点名词，例如condition,situation，修饰以上隐喻性地点需要用 in which。

when :

---可以修饰时间或事件名词，例如period,age,1982或者decade，以上也可以使用 in which修饰。

2),Essential vs. Non-Essential 核心修饰语从句与非核心修饰语从句

判断核心与非核心语义修饰语从句的方法：

分析如果求出从句会不会发生语义混乱或不完整。

例：

---非核心修饰语写法

    People,who talk loudly on their cell phones in crowded trains,show little respect for other passengers.wrong
---核心修饰语写法

    People who talk loudly on their cell phones in crowded trains show little respect for other passengers. right 

分析以上两句话，如果取出修饰语从句who talk loudly... 句子就变成了 People show little respect for other passengers. 完全不符合作者想表达的意思，因此此从句为核心语义修饰语从句。

Essential 核心语义修饰语从句形式：从句与被修饰名词中间不加逗号。从句以that起始。

Non-Essential非核心语义修饰语从句形式：从句与被修饰语中间加逗号。从句以which起始。

当修饰从句平行时，它们应该由同样的关系代词起始：

例：

......,an artificial sweetener,which tastes as sweet as the corn syrup that her brother loves but which contains fewer calories than does an equivalent amount of corn syrup. 

二，动词的修饰语

功能：

修饰动词，这些修饰语进一步解释了动词的一些问题，例如how,when,where,why...

注意：

有些动词修饰语有可能同时适用于动词与动词的主语，这时要通过语义分析。

类型：

副词，介词，Subordinator //Subordinators: Because,although,if,unless,so,that,while...

动词修饰语的其他一些形式：

1，Present Participle 现在分词

形式：现在分词在动词之前后之后，并加逗号

例：Whistling "beat it", I lifted the weight.

2，Preposition+Simple Gerund 介词+单一动名词

形式：介词和单一动名词在动词之前或之后，可加逗号或紧邻

例：By concentrating, I lifted the weight.

3，Infinitive of purpose 表示目的的动词不定式

形式：表目的的动词不定式在动词之前或之后，可加逗号或紧邻

例：To free my leg, I lifted the weight.

动词的修饰语在句子中的位置相比名词的修饰语要更加灵活。

三，对错句比较（绿色正确，红色错误）

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---Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement,more than 2000 years ago,700000 artisans worked more than 36 years to create an army of terra-cotta warriors to protect QinShi Huang,China's first emperor,in his afterlife. 

---Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement,the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect QinShi Huang,China’s first emperor,in his afterlife is more than 2000 years old and took 700000artisans more than 36 years to complete.

注：起始从句正确的修饰了主语。

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---their language is basically seventeenth-century French which English,Spanish,and Italian words have been added to.

---their language is basically seventeenth-century French to which English,Spanish,and Italian words have been added.

注：

modifier claus 不能以介词结尾因此，结尾介词需提到关系代词之前 to which...added=which...added to 

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---A technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants and has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying the substance,called proton-induced X-ray emission,is finding uses in medicine,archaeology,and criminology. 

注：

has the ability to：赘述且不平行 改为 for detecting...and analyzing...

Called proton-induced X-ray emission修饰 a technique, 应提前并取消逗号改为 A technique called proton-induced X-ray emission

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---Levels of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere during the twentieth century increased enough to begin trapping heat radiating from theEarth,causing the average surface temperature to rise.

注：

during the twentieth century修饰了the levels of carbon monoxide

---Levels of atmospheric carbon monoxide increased sufficiently during the twentieth century to begin trapping heat radiating from the Earth,causing the average surface temperature to rise.

注：

during the twentieth century修饰了increased

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---At age four, Mozart’s father began taking him on tours of the capitals of Europe, to demonstrate the boy’s musical talents.

注：

at age four错误的修饰了Mozart’s father

him没有先行词。虽然知道作者想表达him是Mozart，但是语法上没有先行词，错误。

---At age four,Mozart began accompanying his father on tours of the capitals of Europe, to demonstrate his own musical talents.

注：

own:eliminating the ambiguity 

At age four 修饰 了Mozart 

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---Instead of buying stocks and bonds,which are the conventional approach for someone new to financial planning,real estate has become increasingly the choice of young people as a first investment.

注：

which从句: 作者想用the conventional approach...修饰buying stocks and bonds这个动作，但which从句只修饰离它最近的名词或者名词短语。另一方面，stocks and bonds不可能是 approach，选词错误。

real estate: construction: Instead of A, [subject] B real estate is not the subject,it is B to compare with A.

---Instead of buying stocks and bonds,which are the conventional investments for those new to financial planning,young people have increasingly chosen real estate as a first investment.

注：

the conventional investments正确修饰stocks and bonds

buying stocks and bonds 正确比较了chosen real estate 

young people=subject 

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---Though formerly considered ill-formed and primitive, the canvases of Henri Rousseau are icons of Post-Impressionism due to being painted in a naive, dream-like style.

注：

Though formerly considered...从句错误的修饰了the canvases。

the canvases也不是 icons of Post-Impressionism。

duo to只可以修饰名词，这种情况可以用 because of

Though formerly considered ill-formed and primitive,Henri Rousseau's canvases, painted in a naive, dream-like style, later established the artist as an icon of Post-Impressionism.

注：

Though formerly...从句正确的修饰了 Henri Rousseau's canvases。

painted in a naive...正确的修饰了canvases。

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--- To this day, researchers and theorists debate whether bubonic plague caused....... 

注：

To this day 是动词修饰语，回答了 debate  的 when 的问题

Whether 在此情况下是最简洁的用法。

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---First proposed by John Keats, scholars of psychology have recently begun to take the notion of......

注：

Opening modifiers falsely modifies the scholars

In recent years, scholars of psychology have begun to examine more seriously the notion, first proposed by John Keats, of“negative capability’—......

注：

The sentence is complete before the dash. The modifier correctly modifies the notion. 

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--- In 1983, using both ground-penetrating radar equipment—much of it constructed themselves—as well as clues from the autobiography of film director Cecil B. DeMille, the film enthusiasts Peter Brosnan and John Parker located and......

注：

much of it constructed themselves: illogical and ungrammatical

both X as well as Y : unidiomatic    both x as well as y 没有这个用法

---In 1983, using both ground-penetrating radar equipment—much of which they constructed themselves—and clues from.....

注：

both X and Y both...and 语法结构正确
much of which correctly refer to Radar    they constructed much of the radar equipment by themselves=much of which they...

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---Human activity on the continent of Antarctica is regulated by the Antarctica Treaty, which was signed in 1959 by12 countries prohibiting any military action, and supporting scientific research and the continent’s resource protection.

The modifier falsely modifies the 12 countries.

Human activity on the continent of Antarctica is regulated by theAntarctic Treaty, which was signed in 1959 by 12 countries and prohibits any military activity, supports scientific research, and protects the continent’s eco-zone.

Modifiers: Which was signed... and prohibits , supports, and protects 

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---Although it is crucially important, a person’s total calorie intake is the only one of many factors that determines the increase or decrease in his or her weight.

注：

译：虽然它非常重要，一个人的卡路里摄入量是唯一一个决定他体重增加或减少的因素。---语义错误，although后面没有对比，表达意思也错误。

that从句在这里比较混乱，严格来讲它应该修饰many factors，但他的动词是第三人称单数形式，如果修饰the only one of many factors 则意思不对，不知道many factors是那些factors，不知道想表达的意思，并且导致了前面的although没有了对比。

Although it is crucially important, a person’s total calorie intake is only one of the many factors that determinewhether his or her weight will increase or decrease. 

注：

译：虽然它非常重要，一个人的卡路里摄入量只是决定他体重增加或减少的因素之一。

that从句修饰了many factors。

A is only one of b: A只是B中的一个

A is the only one of B: A是B中唯一的一个

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---Christopher Columbus refused to accept the conventional wisdom of the earth being flat; he pressed tirelessly for royal support for a westward voyage to Asia and endured several rejections, finally securing approval and financing from Spain’sKing Ferdinand in 1492.

注：

of the earth being flat: a prepositional phrase cannot have a noun+verb-ing construction as its object---介词短语不可以接名词+动词ing形式。

finally securing: falsely modifies endured several rejections。 finally securing...错误的修饰了 rejections

---Refusingto accept the conventional wisdom that the earth was flat, Christopher Columbus pressed tirelessly for regal support for a westward voyage to Asia,enduring several rejections before securingapproval and financing from Spain’s King Ferdinand in1492.

注：

Refusing correctly modifies Columbus

enduring and securing modify the previous sentence in a parallel way. 

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---Although he played many memorable parts in his half-centruy career, it was his portrayal of bumbling Deputy Barney Fife on“The Andy Griffith Show”that brought Don Knotts TV immortality and five Emmy awards.

注：

The initial modifier incorrectly modifies IT. 其实修饰从句错误的修饰了it

Although he played many memorable parts in his half-centruy career, Don Knottsearned TV immortality and five Emmy awards for his portrayal of bumbling Deputy Barney Fife on “The AndyGriffith Show.” 

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Though once powerful political forces, labour unions have lost much of their influence, resulting in a political climate that some analysts claim to be in favor of management.

注：

a political climate to be in favor of...: illogical sequence。

如果将从句变形为  some analysts claim that to be in favor of management. that从句错误明显，没有谓语。

Though once powerful political forces, labour unions have lost much of their influence, resulting in a political climate that some analysts claim favors management.

注:

a political climate that favors management: correct meaning  

resulting: correctly modifies have lost   resulting in a political...动词修饰语修饰了 have lost

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---Some anthropologists believe that the genetic homogeneity evident in the world's people is the result of a “population bottleneck”—at sometime in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers and thus our genetic variation.

注：

at some time: without that, the clause incorrectly modifies the whole main sentence 没有关系代词，扩折号后面的部分修饰了整个句子。

reducing: unclear modifier  reducing后面部分修饰对象不明

---Some anthropologists believe that the genetic homogeneity evident in the world’s people is the result of a “population bottleneck”—thatat some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event that greatly reduced their numbers and thus our genetic variation.

注：

that: clearly connect the modifying claus with the noun  两个that使从句修饰语指向对象非常明确

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---The widely accepted big bang theory holds that the beginning of the universe was an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago that has expanded ever since.

注：

'that has expanded' is modifying an explosive instant. Instant= an movement, it can not expand. wrong meaning. 此句中that从句修饰了an explosive instant,‘一个爆炸的瞬间’，瞬间不可以expand，并且作者想表达的是宇宙在expand。

---The widely accepted big bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. 

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--- In A.D. 391, Alexandria’s largest library of the ancient world was destroyed, and the result was later generations lost all but the .....

注：

Alexandria's largest library of the ancient world  古时代中Alexandria最大的图书馆 

语义逻辑错误

the result was需改为 the result was that

---In A.D. 391, as a result of the destruction of the library at Alexandria, the largest of the ancient world, later generation lost all but... 

注：

the largest of the ancient world 修饰 library

as a result of... 修饰 lost

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---Reaching the zenith of its sales in the 1960s, the spy novel was regarded by publishing analysts as increased by international tensions during the Cold War, when most Americans perceived theU.S.S.R. as a constant threat.

注：

the spy novel...increased by international...: wrong meaning, the spy novel can not be increased. 

---Regarded by publishing analysts as increased by international tensions during the Cold War, sales of the spy novel reached their zenith in the 1960s, when most Americans perceived the U.S.S.R. asa constant threat.

注：

Regarded...sales...: the opening modifier correctly modifies the subject

perceive...as: Idiomatic 

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---Many daring vacationers who participate in guided boat tours on the Tarcoles River encounter native crocodiles lurking in the shallows, whose eyes and noses are peeking out from the surface of the murky water.

注：

whose: When used to introduce a noun modifier, “whose”always refers to the immediately preceding noun. In this case, the author intends to refer to the “crocodiles,” not the “shallows.”当whose修饰名词时，它修饰的是离他最近的那个名词，这里错误的修饰了shallows

---Many daring vacationers who participate in guided boat tours on the Tarcoles River encounter native crocodiles lurking in the shallows,with eyes and noses peeking out.

注：

participate...encounter: consistent

with eyes...: the adverbial modifier correctly modifies the verb“lurking”    with eyes...介词修饰语正确的修饰了动词lurking

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---Sports played primarily by women in the United States,including field hockey, one of the most popular men’s sports in south Asia, and volleyball, the sport of many male athletes inEurope and South America.

注：

played...by : sentence fragment , no main verb Sports played ...by ，句子没有谓语动词。sports不可能play别的东西，也不可能理解为一般过去时。如果看做被动语态则缺be动词

in the US: falsely modifies women   in the US错误的修饰了women,作者想表达的意思不是'在美国的妇女...'，而是'在美国，妇女们...'

---In the United States,among the sports played primarily by women are field hockey, one of the most popular men's sports in SouthAsia, and volleyball, the sport of many male athletes in Europe andSouth America.

注：

In the United States correctly modifies the whole sentence     In the US这这个句子结构下就表达了'在美国，怎么怎么样...' , 修饰了全句

two appositive modifiers strengthened the cohesiveness of the parallel structure.  hockey和volleyball后面的同位语加强了整句的衔接和平行。

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---Sales of wines declined in the late 1980s, but after the 1991 report that linked a reduced risk of heart disease with a moderate alcohol consumption,particularly red wine, they began growing again.

注：

Sales of wines...they: too far from each other.  but的前面和后面是两个分句，后一个分句的they是想指向前一个分句的sales of wines，但在此句中两者相距过远。

Particularly red wine: can not modify consumption. should be particularity OF red wine.   particularly red wine错误的修饰了consumption, 如果把particularly去掉，错误就比较明显了，...with a moderate alcohol consumption, red wine, they... red wine显然不能作为同为语修饰consumption, 只能进一步解释consumption,所以正确的写法应是 particularly consumption of red wine 

---Sales of wines declined in the late 1980s, but they began to grow again after the 1991 report that linked moderate consumption of alcohol, and particularly of red wine, with a reduction risk of heart disease. 

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