数据库变更也叫模式迁移,是管理数据库生命周期的过程。本文列举了几个数据库变更管理工具,后续持续更新完善。主要包括Flyway、LiquiBase、MyBatis migration、DBDeploy、DBMaintain。更多关于模式迁移与其他工具,参考schema migration的wiki。
Flyway是一个开源的数据库迁移工具。支持命令行以及JAVA方式运行。支持众多数据库。
官网: https://flywaydb.org/
Migrate, Clean, Info, Validate, Baseline and Repair
SQL: SQL脚本的形式描述变更
JAVA: 使用JVM应用实现数据库迁移(例如操作BLOB)
LiquiBase是一个强大的数据库变更维护工具,通过change Log, change set,changes,precondition, context等概念,提供强大的变更执行、版本控制、集成等功能。
官网: http://www.liquibase.org/
文档:http://www.liquibase.org/documentation/index.html
1)创建changelog文件:XML JSON YAML 或者SQL格式
change log文件描述数据库的变更内容,下面是一个空的change log:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<databaseChangeLog xmlns="http://www.liquibase.org/xml/ns/dbchangelog" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.liquibase.org/xml/ns/dbchangelog http://www.liquibase.org/xml/ns/dbchangelog/dbchangelog-3.1.xsd">
</databaseChangeLog>
2)添加changeset到changelog文件
change set是liquibase执行数据库变更的基本单元,是事务执行单元。但是像create,drop这样的语句,有些数据库是直接提交事务并恢复事务,客户端不可知。change set一般封装一个原子的数据库变更。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<databaseChangeLog xmlns="http://www.liquibase.org/xml/ns/dbchangelog" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.liquibase.org/xml/ns/dbchangelog http://www.liquibase.org/xml/ns/dbchangelog/dbchangelog-3.1.xsd">
<changeSet id="1" author="bob">
<createTable tableName="department">
<column name="id" type="int">
<constraints primaryKey="true" nullable="false"/>
</column>
<column name="name" type="varchar(50)">
<constraints nullable="false"/>
</column>
<column name="active" type="boolean" defaultValueBoolean="true"/>
</createTable>
</changeSet>
</databaseChangeLog>
3)执行changelog
有多种方式可以执行change log:
命令行、Ant、Maven、Spring、Servelt Listener、CDI环境。
例如,使用命令行执行变更的一个例子:
liquibase --driver=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver \
--classpath=/path/to/classes \ --changeLogFile=com/example/db.changelog.xml \ --url="jdbc:mysql://localhost/example" \ --username=user \ --password=asdf \ migrate
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<databaseChangeLog xmlns="http://www.liquibase.org/xml/ns/dbchangelog" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ext="http://www.liquibase.org/xml/ns/dbchangelog-ext" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.liquibase.org/xml/ns/dbchangelog http://www.liquibase.org/xml/ns/dbchangelog/dbchangelog-3.1.xsd http://www.liquibase.org/xml/ns/dbchangelog-ext http://www.liquibase.org/xml/ns/dbchangelog/dbchangelog-ext.xsd">
<preConditions>
<runningAs username="liquibase"/>
</preConditions>
<changeSet id="1" author="nvoxland">
<createTable tableName="person">
<column name="id" type="int" autoIncrement="true">
<constraints primaryKey="true" nullable="false"/>
</column>
<column name="firstname" type="varchar(50)"/>
<column name="lastname" type="varchar(50)">
<constraints nullable="false"/>
</column>
<column name="state" type="char(2)"/>
</createTable>
</changeSet>
<changeSet id="2" author="nvoxland">
<addColumn tableName="person">
<column name="username" type="varchar(8)"/>
</addColumn>
</changeSet>
<changeSet id="3" author="nvoxland">
<addLookupTable existingTableName="person" existingColumnName="state" newTableName="state" newColumnName="id" newColumnDataType="char(2)"/>
</changeSet>
</databaseChangeLog>
{
"databaseChangeLog": [ { "preConditions": [ { "runningAs": { "username": "liquibase" } } ] }, { "changeSet": { "id": "1", "author": "nvoxland", "changes": [ { "createTable": { "tableName": "person", "columns": [ { "column": { "name": "id", "type": "int", "autoIncrement": true, "constraints": { "primaryKey": true, "nullable": false }, } }, { "column": { "name": "firstname", "type": "varchar(50)" } }, { "column": { "name": "lastname", "type": "varchar(50)" "constraints": { "nullable": false }, } }, { "column": { "name": "state", "type": "char(2)" } } ] } } ] } }, { "changeSet": { "id": "2", "author": "nvoxland", "changes": [ { "addColumn": { "tableName": "person", "columns": [ { "column": { "name": "username", "type": "varchar(8)" } } ] } } ] } }, { "changeSet": { "id": "3", "author": "nvoxland", "changes": [ { "addLookupTable": { "tableName": "person", "existingTableName": "person", "existingColumnName":"state", "newTableName": "state", "newColumnName": "id", "newColumnDataType": "char(2)", } } ] } } ] }
databaseChangeLog:
- preConditions: - runningAs: username: liquibase
- changeSet: id: 1
author: nvoxland
changes:
- createTable: tableName: person
columns:
- column: name: id
type: int
autoIncrement: true
constraints:
primaryKey: true
nullable: false
- column: name: firstname
type: varchar(50)
- column: name: lastname
type: varchar(50)
constraints:
nullable: false
- column: name: state
type: char(2)
- changeSet: id: 2
author: nvoxland
changes:
- addColumn: tableName: person
columns:
- column: name: username
type: varchar(8)
- changeSet: id: 3
author: nvoxland
changes:
- addLookupTable: existingTableName: person
existingColumnName:state
newTableName: state
newColumnName: id
newColumnDataType: char(2)
--liquibase formatted sql
--changeset nvoxland:1
create table person ( id int not null primary key, firstname varchar(80), lastname varchar(80) not null, state varchar(2) );
--changeset nvoxland:2
alter table person add column username varchar(8) --changeset nvoxland:3 create table state AS SELECT DISTINCT state AS id FROM person WHERE state IS NOT NULL;
alter table state modify id char(2) NOT NULL;
alter table state add primary key(id);
alter table person add constraint fk_person_state foreign key (state) references state(id);
基于数据库脚本(delta script)对数据库进行版本管理,是一个数据库变更管理工具。
但是目前维护很不活跃。
入门教程: https://code.google.com/archive/p/dbdeploy/wikis/GettingStarted.wiki
MyBatis提供的一个数据库迁移(migration)工具,主要是以命令行作为工具。
提供了pre/post-migration hook
官网: http://www.mybatis.org/migrations/
init
bootstrap
new
status
up,down
version
pending
script
数据库脚本版本管理工具,也就是数据库版本管理工具。像管理源代码一样管理数据库脚本。
官网: http://www.dbmaintain.org/overview.html