python的几个内建函数:apply(),filter(),map(),reduce()
apply()函数:apply(func[,nkw][,kw]) 它的返回值就是func函数的返回值
filter()函数:filter(func,seq)调用bool函数func，遍历处理序列中seq的每个元素。它的返回值是一个序列，其元素都是让func函数返回true值的原seq序列中的元素
map()函数:
def map(func,seq):
mapped_seq = []
for eachItem in seq:
mapped_seq.append(apply(func,eachItem))
return mapped_seq
reduce()函数:reduce(func,seq[,init]),用二元函数func对序列seq中的元素进行处理，每次处理两个数据项(一个是前次处理的结果，一个是序列中的下一个元素)，如此反复的递归处理，最后对整个序列求出一个单一的返回值。
1.apply()函数
1.1 apply()函数对于调用那些参数是动态生成的函数是非常方便的，一般牵扯到拼凑一个参数清单这种问题
matheasy.py
#!/usr/bin/env/ python
from string import lower
from operator import add,sub,mul
from random import randint,choice
ops = {'+':add,'-':sub,'*':mul}
MAXTRIES = 2
def doprob():
op = choice('+-*')
nums = [randint(1,10),randint(1,10)]
nums.sort();nums.reverse()
ans = apply(ops[op],nums)
pr = '%d %s %d = ' %( nums[0],op,nums[1])
oops = 0
while 1:
try:
if int(raw_input(pr)) == ans:
print "correct"
break
if oops == MAXTRIES:
print 'answer\n%s%d' %(pr,ans)
break
else:
print 'incorrect ... try again'
oops = oops + 1
except(KeyboardInterrupt,EOFError,ValueError):
print 'invalid input data ... try again'
def main():
print 'welcome to play this game:'
while 1:
doprob()
try:
opt = lower(raw_input('Try again? ([y]/n)'))
except(KeyboardInterrupt,EOFError):
print ;break
if opt and opt[0] =='n':
print 'quit the game,byebye'
break
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
1.2 apply()函数对于应用程序的调试纠错和性能测试方面也是很有用的。一般是编写一个诊断性函数来建立测试环境，然后调用准备对它进行测试的函数，考虑到系统的灵活性和适应性，被测试函数作为一个参数传递进去
testit.py
#!/usr/bin/env/ python
def testit(funcname,*nkwargs,**kwargs):
try:
retval = apply(funcname,nkwargs,kwargs)
result = (1,retval)
except Exception,diag:
result = (0,str(diag))
return result
def test():
funcs = (int,long,float)
vals = (1234,12.34,'1234','12.34')
for eachFunc in funcs:
print '-'*40
for eachVal in vals:
retval = testit(eachFunc,eachVal)
if retval[0]:
print '%s(%s) = ' %(eachFunc.__name__,eachVal),retval[1]
else:
print '%s(%s) = FAILED ' %(eachFunc.__name__,eachVal),retval[1]
if __name__ == '__main__':
test()
2.filter()函数
oddnumgen.py
from random import randint
def odd():
allNums = []
for eachNum in range(100):
allNums.append(randint(1,1000))
oddNums = filter(lambda n:n%2,allNums)
print "length of sequence = %d\n" %(len(oddNums)),oddNums
3.map()函数
>>>map(lambda x,y:(x+y,x-y),[1,3,5],[2,4,6])
>>> [(3, -1), (7, -1), (11, -1)]
from string import strip,upper
def strupper():
f = open('map.txt')
lines = f.readlines()
f.close()
print ' ... BEFORE processing ...'
for eachLine in lines:
print '<%s>' %eachLine[:-1]#去掉换行符
print "\n"
print ' ... AFTER processing ...'
for eachLine in map(upper,map(strip,lines)):#strip不清理字符串之间的空格
print '<%s>' %eachLine
def rounder():
f = open('round.txt')
values = map(float,f.readlines())
f.close()
print 'original\trounded'
for eachVal in map(None,values,map(round,values)):#函数为None,那么参数列表中的n个序列(此时为values和map(round,values) )组成了返回值的列表
print '%6.02f\t\t%6.02f' %eachVal
4.reduce()函数
>>> print 'the total is:',total = reduce((lambda x,y:x+y),range(1000))