Singleton Pattern（单例模式）：Ensure a class has only one instance, and provide a global point of access to it.
（确保某一个类只有一个实例，而且自行实例化并向整个系统提供这个实例。）
Factory Pattern（工厂方法模式）:Define an interface for creating an object,
but let subclass decide which class to instantiate.Factory Method lets a class defer instantiation to subclass.
（定义一个用于创建对象的接口，让子类决定实例化哪一个类。工厂方法是一个类的实例化延迟到其子类。）
Abstract Factory Pattern（抽象工厂模式）：Provide an interface for creating families of related or dependent objects without specifying their concrete classes.
（为创建一组相关或相互依赖的对象提供一个接口，而且无需指定它们的具体类。）
Template Method Pattern（模板方法模式）：Define the skeleton of an algorithm in an operation,deferring some steps to subclasses.
Template Method lets subclass redefine certain steps of an algorithm without changing the algorithm's structure.
（定义一个操作中的算法框架，而将一些步骤延迟到子类中。使得子类可以不改变一个算法的结构即可以重定义该算法的某些特定步骤。）
Builder Pattern（建造者模式）： Separate the construction of a complex object form its representation so that the
same construction process can create different representations.
（将一个复杂对象的构建与它的表示分离，使得同样的构建过程可以创建不同的表示。）
Proxy pattern（代理模式）：Provide a surrogate (代理) or placeholder for another object to control access to it.（为其他对象提供一种代理以控制对这个对象的访问。）
Prototype Pattern（原型模式）：Specify the kinds of objects to create using a prototypical instance,
and create new objects by copying this prototype.
（用原型实例指定创建对象的种类，并且通过拷贝这些原型创建新的对象。）
Mediator Pattern(中介者模式)：Define an object that encapsulates how a set of objects interact.
Mediator promotes loose couping by keeping objects from referring to each other explicitly,
and it lets you vary their interaction independently.
（用一个中介对象封装一系列的对象交互，中介者使各对象不需要显示的相互作用，从而使其耦合松散，而且可以独立的改变它们之间的交互。）
命令模式
Encapsulate a request as an object,thereby letting you parameterize clients with different requests,queue or log requests, and support undoable operations.（将一个请求封装成一个对象，从而让你使用不同的请求把客户端参数化，对请求排队或者记录请求日志，可以提供命令的撤销和恢复功能。）
责任链模式
Avoid coupling the sender of a request to its receiver by giving more than one object a chance to handle the request.Chain the receiving objects and pass the request along the chain until an object handles it.（使多个对象有机会处理请求，从而避免了请求的发送者和接收者之间的耦合关系 。将这些对象连成一个链，并沿着这条链传递请求，知道有对象处理它为止。）
装饰模式（Decorator Pattern）
Attach additional responsibilities to an object dynamically keeping the same interface.Decorators provide a flexible alternative to subclassing for extending functionality.（动态地给一个对象添加一些额外的职责。就增加功能来说，装饰模式相比生成子类更为灵活。）
策略模式（Strategy Pattern）
Define a family of algorithms, encapsulate each one, and make them interchangeable.适配器模式（Adapter Pattern）
Convert the inface of a class into another interface clients expect.Adapter lets classes work together that couldn't otherwise because of incompatible interface.
迭代器模式（Iterator Pattern）
Provide a way to access the elements of an aggregate object sequentially without exposing its underlying representation.
组合模式（Composite Pattern）
Compose objects into tree structure to represent part-whole hierarchies.Composite lets clients treat individual objects and compositions of objects uniformly.
观察者模式（Observer Pattern）
Define a one-to-many dependency between objects so that when one object changes state, all its dependents are notified and updated automatically.
门面模式（Facade Pattern）Provide a unified interface to a set of interface in a subsystem.Facede defines a higher-level interface that makes the subsystem easier to use.(要求一个子系统的外部与其内部的通信必须通过一个统一的对象进行。门面模式提供了一个高层次的接口，使得子系统更容易使用。)
备忘录模式（Memento Pattern）
Without violating encapsulation， capture and externalize an object's internal state so that the object can be restored to this state later.
访问者模式（Visitor Pattern）
Represent an operation to be performed on the elements of an object structure.Visitor lets you define a new operation without changing the classes of the elements on which it operates.
（封装一些作用于某种数据结构中的各种元素，它可以在不改变数据结构的前提下定义作用于这些元素的新的操作。）
状态模式
Allow an object to alter its behavior when its internal state changes.The object will appear to change its class.（当一个对象在状态改变时允许其改变行为，这个对象看起来像改变了其类。）
解释器模式（Interpreter Pattern）
Given a language, define a representation for its grammar along with an interpreter that uses the representation to interpret sentences int the language.
（给定一门语言，定义它的文法的一种表示，并定义一个解释器，该解释器使用该表示来解释语言中的句子。）
享元模式（Flyweight Pattern）
Use sharing to support large numbers of fine-grained objects efficiently.
桥梁模式（Bridge Pattern）
Decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently.
（将抽象和实现解耦，使得两者可以独立的变化。）
Creational patterns
These patterns have to do with class instantiation. They can be further divided into class-creation patterns and object-creational patterns. While class-creation patterns use inheritance effectively in the instantiation process, object-creation patterns use delegation to get the job done.
Abstract Factory groups object factories that have a common theme.
Builder constructs complex objects by separating construction and representation.
Factory Method creates objects without specifying the exact class to create.
Prototype creates objects by cloning an existing object.
Singleton restricts object creation for a class to only one instance.
Structural patterns
These concern class and object composition. They use inheritance to compose interfaces and define ways to compose objects to obtain new functionality.
Adapter allows classes with incompatible interfaces to work together by wrapping its own interface around that of an already existing class.
Bridge decouples an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently.
Composite composes zero-or-more similar objects so that they can be manipulated as one object.
Decorator dynamically adds/overrides behaviour in an existing method of an object.
Facade provides a simplified interface to a large body of code.
Flyweight reduces the cost of creating and manipulating a large number of similar objects.
Proxy provides a placeholder for another object to control access, reduce cost, and reduce complexity.
Behavioral patterns
Most of these design patterns are specifically concerned with communication between objects.
Chain of responsibility delegates commands to a chain of processing objects.
Command creates objects which encapsulate actions and parameters.
Interpreter implements a specialized language.
Iterator accesses the elements of an object sequentially without exposing its underlying representation.
Mediator allows loose coupling between classes by being the only class that has detailed knowledge of their methods.
Memento provides the ability to restore an object to its previous state (undo).
Observer is a publish/subscribe pattern which allows a number of observer objects to see an event.
State allows an object to alter its behavior when its internal state changes.
Strategy allows one of a family of algorithms to be selected on-the-fly at runtime.
Template method defines the skeleton of an algorithm as an abstract class, allowing its subclasses to provide concrete behavior.
Visitor separates an algorithm from an object structure by moving the hierarchy of methods into one object.
Circuit Breaker prevents using a broken external dependency (or internal component) until it comes back online