名词:
(1)普通名词:
(2)集合名词:class,family
(3)专有名词:Bob,Smith,April,London
*下列专有名词需要加上定冠词the
the United States(联合的州:美国),the United Nations(联合的国家:联合国),the Republic Of China.
(4)物质名词:不能有单复数形式(glass加es就成眼镜了,wood加s就成森林了),
如果想表示数量,得用该结构:数字+容器/度量+of+物质名词
glass,wood,butter,fruit
a loaf of bread(一块面包,loaves of breand:很多面包),a cup of coffee(two cups of coffee)
a sheet of paper(paper加s是报纸),a spoonful of sugar(spoon:汤匙. 名词+ful可以作为容器量词. a handful of san:一把沙子)
(5)抽象名词:看不见摸不到.故也没有一个两个这么说。
beauty,honest,love,patience,happiness,music...
名词的数=>个数:单数/复数 (针对的都是可数名词)
*大部分+s,名词词尾有s,sh,ch,x,o+es
dog-dogs[z],book-books[s],girl-girls[z] (有声发音z,无声发音s)
classes[iz] buses[iz] dish-dishes
bench-benches,box-boxes
(注意)
名词词尾为子音+o,复数名词+es,如tomatoes[z](发音为z而不是iz)
但有例外:photos,pianos
名词词尾为子音+y=>去y,加ies
baby-babies(ies:[i][z],因为i和e都发音[i],重复了所以只需要发音一个[i]),story-stories
名词词尾为f或fe=>去f[f]或fe,加ves[v]有声
leaf-leaves,wife-wives
例外:handkercheafs,cheafs,roofs[s]
不规则名词负数:
-词尾为en,ren,如:ox-oxen,child-children [aɪ]-[i]
-改变母音,如:man-men/woman-women,goose-geese,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice
-单复数同形,如:fish,deer,sheep,Chinese,Japanese
one fish:一条鱼,a kind of fish:一种鱼,two kinds of fishes(特殊)
3.名词所有格(什么东西归谁所有,说白了,就是”的“)
格式:单数名词=>名词's
the boy's schoolbag
复数名词=>名词s'
a girls' school(一所女校) ,these students' teachers.
词尾为非s的复数名词=>名词's
children's playground,women's activities
特别注意的所有格用法。
共同所有格和个别所有格:
共同所有格=>名词+名词+.......+名词's
个别所有格=>名词's+名词's+......+名词's
Harry and Bill's father is a scientist.
Harry's and Bill's fathers are scientists.
Mr and Mrs Brown's car.布朗夫妇的车。
无生物的所有格: A 的 B=>B of A
the legs of the table
the girl's name/the name of the girl(有生物的可用's,也可用of,无生物的必须用of)
所有格中的名词如果在句中很容易被理解则可省略
She's going to the dentist's.(省略office. 诊所)
I met him at the barber's.(省略shop.理发店)
We like to eat launch at McDown’s.(省略restaurant.餐厅)
4.冠词
冠词分为不定冠词a/an(通常表示一)和定冠词(the);
通常放在名词前面修饰名词.表示强调时发音不同。
a/an的用法:-a+子音开头的单数名词;
-an+母音开头的单数名词. (母音:A E I O U)
a book,a girl,a young man.
an apple,an umbrella,an old woman.
I read a novel.
I read a novel,not two.
the的用法:这个,那个,这些,那些。
子音和母音前发音不同。
the book.
the apple.