Objects are normally accessed by an object reference.
Interface reference is a different method to access an object’s functionality.
A simple question – why do we need interface references at all, why can’t we use object references everywhere?
There are several reasons to use interface references instead of object references,
but most important of them (at least historically) is accessing an object created in a different program module.
Let us consider a simple example – an object is created in .dll module and consumed in .exe module.
The TMathObject class implements Square and Cube functions on the FOperandfield;
we start with the following naive code:
unit MathUnit;
interface
type
TMathObject = class
private
FOperand: Double;
public
function Square: Double;
function Cube: Double;
property Operand: Double read FOperand write FOperand;
end;
implementation
function TMathObject.Square: Double;
begin
Result:= Sqr(FOperand);
end;
function TMathObject.Cube: Double;
begin
Result:= Sqr(FOperand) * FOperand;
end;
end.
We want to create and destroy TMathObject instances in dll module:
library MathDll;
uses
MathUnit in 'MathUnit.pas';
function CreateObject: TMathObject;
begin
Result:= TMathObject.Create;
end;
procedure FreeObject(Obj: TMathObject);
begin
Obj.Free;
end;
exports CreateObject, FreeObject;
{$R *.res}
begin
end.
and use an instance of TMathObject in exe module:
program MathTest;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
uses
MathUnit in 'MathUnit.pas';
function CreateObject: TMathObject; external 'MathDll.dll';
procedure FreeObject(Obj: TMathObject); external 'MathDll.dll';
var
MathObj: TMathObject;
begin
MathObj:= CreateObject;
MathObj.Operand:= 2;
Writeln('Square = ', MathObj.Square:3:2, '; Cube = ', MathObj.Cube:3:2);
FreeObject(MathObj);
Write('Press ''Enter'' key ... ');
Readln;
end.
If you compile the above example you can see it works, but TMathObject implementation (MathUnit.pas) is duplicated
in both program modules (MathTest.exe and MathDll.dll), and that is not just a waste of program memory.
One of the main reasons to split a program into program modules is a possibility to modify the modules separately;
for example to modify and deploy a different .dll version while keeping an .exe module intact.
In the above example the implementation of TMathObject is a contract that both sides (exe and dll) should adhere,
so the implementation of TMathObject can’t be changed in dll module only.
We need a different form of contract that does not include an object’s implementation.
A possible solution is to introduce a base class containing virtual abstract methods only:
unit BaseMath;
interface
type
TBaseMathObject = class
protected
function GetOperand: Double; virtual; abstract;
procedure SetOperand(const Value: Double); virtual; abstract;
public
function Square: Double; virtual; abstract;
function Cube: Double; virtual; abstract;
property Operand: Double read GetOperand write SetOperand;
end;
implementation
end.
unit MathUnit;
interface
uses BaseMath;
type TMathObject = class(TBaseMathObject)
private FOperand: Double;
protected
function GetOperand: Double; override;
procedure SetOperand(const Value: Double); override;
public
function Square: Double; override;
function Cube: Double; override;
end;
implementation
function TMathObject.GetOperand: Double;
begin
Result:= FOperand;
end;
procedure TMathObject.SetOperand(const Value: Double);
begin FOperand:= Value;
end;
function TMathObject.Square: Double;
begin
Result:= Sqr(FOperand);
end;
function TMathObject.Cube: Double;
begin
Result:= Sqr(FOperand) * FOperand;
end;
end.
The library module source code now is
library MathDll;
uses
BaseMath in 'BaseMath.pas',
MathUnit in 'MathUnit.pas';
function CreateObject: TBaseMathObject;
begin
Result:= TMathObject.Create;
end;
procedure FreeObject(Obj: TBaseMathObject);
begin
Obj.Free;
end;
exports CreateObject, FreeObject;
{$R *.res}
begin
end.
program MathTest;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
uses
BaseMath in 'BaseMath.pas';
function CreateObject: TBaseMathObject; external 'MathDll.dll';
procedure FreeObject(Obj: TBaseMathObject); external 'MathDll.dll';
var
MathObj: TBaseMathObject;
begin
MathObj:= CreateObject;
MathObj.Operand:= 2;
Writeln('Square = ', MathObj.Square:3:2, '; Cube = ', MathObj.Cube:3:2);
FreeObject(MathObj);
Write('Press ''Enter'' key ... ');
Readln;
end.
We can see that MathTest project does not contain MathUnit.pas unit, and is not dependent on TMathObject implementation;
in fact MathTest project does not know that TMathObject class even exist.
We can change TMathObjectimplementation in dll module as much as we want provided that we keepTBaseMathObject intact,
inherit TMathObject from TBaseMathObject and override TBaseMathObject‘s virtual abstract methods.
We implemented a general concept of interface in the form of pure abstract class.
Pure abstract classes are a way how interfaces are implemented in C++ .
This approach has a limited value in Delphi because Delphi does not support multiple inheritance,
and a Delphi class can have only one contract in the form of base abstract class.
Another problem is a limited use of ‘is’ and ‘as’ operators for an object created in a different program module:
Starting from version 3 Delphi introduces a concept of interface that is different from a pure abstract class
and solves the problems with object’s export by using interface references instead of object references:
unit BaseMath;
interface
type IBaseMath = interface
['{92E9AFF4-25B7-41BD-9EB6-557D12F98BE6}']
function GetOperand: Double;
procedure SetOperand(const Value: Double);
function Square: Double;
function Cube: Double;
property Operand: Double read GetOperand write SetOperand;
end;
implementation
end.
There is no need to inherit TMathObject class from a given base class now;
we can inherit TMathObject class from any class we like.
Since all Delphi interfaces are descendants of IUnknown (also nicknamed as IInterface in Delphi)
we should also implement the methods of IUnknown interface in TMathObject class.
Delphi provides a helper TInterfacedObject class that already implements the methods of IUnknown
and can be used as TMathObject ancestor:
unit MathUnit;
interface
uses BaseMath;
type
TMathObject = class(TInterfacedObject, IBaseMath)
private
FOperand: Double;
protected
function GetOperand: Double;
procedure SetOperand(const Value: Double);
public
function Square: Double;
function Cube: Double;
end;
implementation
function TMathObject.GetOperand: Double;
begin
Result:= FOperand;
end;
procedure TMathObject.SetOperand(const Value: Double);
begin
FOperand:= Value;
end;
function TMathObject.Square: Double;
begin
Result:= Sqr(FOperand);
end;
function TMathObject.Cube: Double;
begin
Result:= Sqr(FOperand) * FOperand;
end;
end.
There is no need for FreeObject procedure now.
The FreeObject procedure was introduced in the previous examples
to enforce that a TMathObject instance is destroyed
in the same program module where it was created (i.e. in .dll module).
It is always a good rule of thumb that the one who creates an object is the one who destroys it.
But now there is no need to enforce it – if we use interface references object instances
are automatically destroyed in the same program module where they were created.
library MathDll;
uses
BaseMath in 'BaseMath.pas',
MathUnit in 'MathUnit.pas';
function CreateObject: IBaseMath;
begin
Result:= TMathObject.Create;
end;
exports
CreateObject;
{$R *.res}
begin
end.
In the next example a TMathObject object instance is destroyed by assigning nil value to MathObj interface reference.
In most cases there is no need for doing it because an object is
destroyed automatically when all interface references goes out of scope.
In the following code the MathObj interface reference is a global variable and never goes out of scope,
so assigning it to nil explicitly makes sense:
program MathTest;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
uses
BaseMath in 'BaseMath.pas';
function CreateObject: IBaseMath; external 'MathDll.dll';
var
MathObj: IBaseMath;
begin
MathObj:= CreateObject;
MathObj.Operand:= 2;
Writeln('Square = ', MathObj.Square:3:2, '; Cube = ', MathObj.Cube:3:2);
MathObj:= nil;
Write('Press ''Enter'' key ... ');
Readln;
end.
The interfaced demo works fine, but when I try to load/unload the DLL dinamically,
an access violation is raised at the end of the program in the System unit at the _IntfClear function.
program MathTest;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
uses
Windows,
BaseMath in ‘BaseMath.pas';
//function CreateObject: IBaseMath; external ‘MathDll.dll';
type TCreateObject = function: IBaseMath; stdcall; var
CreateObject: TCreateObject;
MathObj: IBaseMath;
Dll: THandle; begin Dll := LoadLibrary(‘MathDll.dll’); CreateObject := GetProcAddress(Dll, ‘CreateObject’);
MathObj:= CreateObject;
MathObj.Operand:= 2;
Writeln(‘Square = ‘, MathObj.Square:3:2, ‘; Cube = ‘, MathObj.Cube:3:2);
MathObj:= nil;
FreeLibrary(Dll);
Write(‘Press ”Enter” key … ‘);
Readln;
// Access Violation is raised here
end.
Sorry. It was a calling convention problem.
TCreateObject = function: IBaseMath;
works fine.
Great articles.
Great Approach of explanation.
I read a lot about interfaces, but this articles make you understand EXACTLY what is an Interface.
The three examples is the best way to progressively move from one concept to the other.
Thank you very much for your efforts.
