设备模型、设备与驱动关联的全过程分析 platform_device platform_driver driver bus关系

 

 

1.     平台驱动注册过程

    具体的目录如下:

关于设备模型、设备与驱动关联的全过程分析。... 1

1.1 at91_i2c_init()函数... 1

1.2 platform_driver_register()函数... 2

1.3     driver_register()函数... 4

1.4 bus_add_driver()函数... 5

1.5 dd.c文件driver_attach()函数... 7



1.1 at91_i2c_init()函数
在文件drivers/i2c/busses/i2c-at91.c中,定义了结构体struct platform_driver并进行了初始化,
通过使用module_init()宏进行声明,当模块被加载到内核时会调用 at91_i2c_init()函数。在此函数中,
调用了platform_driver_register()函数来完成注册。



static struct platform_driver at91_i2c_driver = {

.probe= at91_i2c_probe,

.remove = __devexit_p(at91_i2c_remove),

.suspend= at91_i2c_suspend,

.resume= at91_i2c_resume,

.driver= {

.name
= "at91_i2c",
.owner
= THIS_MODULE,

},

};
static int __init at91_i2c_init(void)
{
     return platform_driver_register(&at91_i2c_driver);
}



1.2 platform_driver_register()函数
在文件drivers/base/platform.c中,实现并导出了platform_driver_register()函数,以便使其他模块中
的函数可以调用此函数。它在完成简单的包装后,调用了driver_register()函数,完成了从平台实现到Linux内核实现的过渡。

int platform_driver_register(struct platform_driver *drv) 
{ 



   /*设置成platform_bus_type这个很重要,因为driver和device是通过bus联系在一起的,具体在本例中是通过  
platform_bus_type中注册的回调例程和属性来是实现的, driver与device的匹配就是通过 
platform_bus_type注册的回到例程platform_match ()来完成的。*/

drv->driver.bus = &platform_bus_type; 

//在really_probe函数中,回调了platform_drv_probe函数
if (drv->probe) 

drv->driver.probe = platform_drv_probe; 
if (drv->remove) 
drv->driver.remove = platform_drv_remove; 

if (drv->shutdown) 

drv->driver.shutdown = platform_drv_shutdown; 

if (drv->suspend) 
drv->driver.suspend = platform_drv_suspend; 

if (drv->resume) 
drv->driver.resume = platform_drv_resume; 
return driver_register(&drv->driver); 

} 

EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(platform_driver_register); 

在platform_driver_register()函数中,对总线附值使用了如下语句,给总线类型和相关操作函数赋值。
drv->driver.bus = &platform_bus_type; 



struct bus_type platform_bus_type = {

    .name       = "platform",

    .dev_attrs  = platform_dev_attrs,

    .match      = platform_match,

    .uevent     = platform_uevent,

    .suspend    = platform_suspend,

    .suspend_late   = platform_suspend_late,

    .resume_early   = platform_resume_early,

    .resume     = platform_resume,

};

EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(platform_bus_type);

总线bus是联系driver和device的中间枢纽。Device通过所属的bus找到driver.

struct bus_type {

    const char      * name;



    struct subsystem    subsys;

    struct kset     drivers;  // drivers-〉list链表包含了所有注册到该bus的driver.

    struct kset     devices; // devices ->list链表包含了所有注册到该bus的devices.

    struct klist        klist_devices; //

    struct klist        klist_drivers;

    struct blocking_notifier_head bus_notifier;

    struct bus_attribute    * bus_attrs;

    struct device_attribute * dev_attrs;

    struct driver_attribute * drv_attrs;

    int     (*match)(struct device * dev, struct device_driver * drv);

    int     (*uevent)(struct device *dev, char **envp,

                  int num_envp, char *buffer, int buffer_size);

    int     (*probe)(struct device * dev);

    int     (*remove)(struct device * dev);

    void        (*shutdown)(struct device * dev);



    int (*suspend)(struct device * dev, pm_message_t state);

    int (*suspend_late)(struct device * dev, pm_message_t state);

    int (*resume_early)(struct device * dev);

    int (*resume)(struct device * dev);

};

在此,我们需要关注一下platform_match()和platform_drv_probe()函数。platform_match() 
函数确定驱动与设备的关联,而platform_drv_probe()函数会在随后介绍的函数中被调用。
//比较驱动信息中的name与设备信息中的name两者是否一致
static int platform_match(struct device * dev, struct device_driver * drv)
{

struct platform_device *pdev = container_of(dev, struct platform_device, dev);

//通过device找到他所属的platform_device

return (strncmp(pdev->name, drv->name, BUS_ID_SIZE) = = 0);

} 

linux kernel源码中有一个神奇的container_of宏,可以根据一个结构体中成员的地址计算出结构体自身的地址。

完全可以这样理解container_of宏:

#define container_of(ptr, type, member) (type *)((char *)ptr - offset_of(type,member)) 
 对于实现匹配关系的设备和驱动应有如下关系:

platform_device -〉device :该device通过链表连接到BUS上.

platform_driver-〉driver(device_driver类型的结构体):该device通过链表连接到BUS上.

platform_device -〉device->device_driver(指针),该指针指向了platform_driver-〉driver。

这样platform_device、platform_driver 就通过platform_device -〉device联系在一起了。

因此我们可以通过platform_device -〉device 找到对应的platform_device和platform_driver。

这样就很容易理解下面的platform_drv_probe函数了:

static int platform_drv_probe(struct device *_dev)

{

    struct platform_driver *drv = to_platform_driver(_dev->driver);

    struct platform_device *dev = to_platform_device(_dev);

    return drv->probe(dev);//转去执行platform_driver中定义的probe函数。

}。

对于挂到总线上的设备、驱动是通过:kset、kobject建立各个层次之间的联系。对于kset、kobject。可以参考DDR3设备管理的章节。

至此对设备(device)、总线(bus)、驱动(device_driver)的关系有了一个大概的了解。

对于2.6内核中更上面一层的封装:platform_device、platform_driver也有了大概的了解。



1.3   driver_register()函数
在文件drivers/base/driver.c中,实现了driver_register()函数。在此函数中,
初始化结构体struct device_driver中的klist_device和unloaded字段,通过klist_device字段,
可以保存此驱动支持的设备链表,通过“完成”接口机制,完成线程间的同步。
链表和“完成”接口的详细信息可以参考文献[1]。返回bus_add_driver()函数的运行结果。
/** *driver_register - register driver with bus *
@drv:driver to register *

We pass off most of the work to the bus_add_driver() call, *
since most of the things we have to do deal with the bus structures. 

*The one interesting aspect is that we setup drv->unloaded *
as a completion that gets complete when the driver reference count reaches 0. */ 

int driver_register(struct device_driver * drv) 
{ 

//如果总线的方法和设备自己的方法同时存在,将打印告警信息

if ((drv->bus->probe && drv->probe) || (drv->bus->remove && drv->remove) || (drv->bus->shutdown && drv->shutdown))

 { 

printk(KERN_WARNING "Driver '%s' needs updating - please use bus_type methods\n", drv->name); 

} 

klist_init(&drv->klist_devices, NULL, NULL); //将driver驱动上的设备链表清空

init_completion(&drv->unloaded); 

return bus_add_driver(drv); //将本driver驱动注册登记到drv->bus所在的总线上。

在内核中以driver成员变量kobject,表示driver.

所谓的注册即是: driver中的内核成员对象kobject的链表(kobj->entry),
加入到bus总线的bus_type ->kset->list 链表中。这样就可以通过总线,找到所有定义在该总线下的kobject(driver).

} 

1.4 bus_add_driver()函数
在文件drivers/base/bus.c中实现了bus_add_driver()函数,它通过语句
klist_add_tail(&drv->knode_bus, &bus->klist_drivers); 
将驱动信息保存到总线结构中,在设备注册过程中,我们就可以明白此语句的作用了。在此语句之前,调用了driver_attach()函数。

/** *bus_add_driver - Add a driver to the bus. *@drv:driver. * */ 



int bus_add_driver(struct device_driver *drv) 
{ 
   struct bus_type * bus = get_bus(drv->bus); //获取总线内容,即前面定义的

platform_bus_type

int error = 0; 

if (!bus) 
return 0; 

pr_debug("bus %s: add driver %s\n", bus->name, drv->name); 

 /*kobject_set_name :设置kboj->name[KOBJ_NAME_LEN]数组内容,如果KOBJ_NAME_LEN长度不够,
会调用kmalloc申请之后kobj->k_name指针或者指向kboj->name或者指向kmalloc返回地址*/

error = kobject_set_name(&drv->kobj, "%s", drv->name); 

//设置kboj->name成员= drv->name

if (error) 

goto out_put_bus; //释放总线



drv->kobj.kset = &bus->drivers;  //设置device_driver结构体的kobj.kset成员变量(是一个kset指针变量)。
 很重要,它指向总线(bus)的kset成员,bus->drivers成员drivers为kset类型。在platform_driver_register ()
函数中有如下总线赋值语句:drv->driver.bus = &platform_bus_type; 

platform_bus_type为内核定义的一类总线(bus)。此处的drv->kobj.kset指针指向了总线(bus) 的kset成员。
总线的kset成员是kobject的顶层容器,包含了定义在该总线下面所有的kobject。

/******************************************************************/

/* kobject_register()理解:把drv的kobj登记到管理它的bus->kset集合上去。同时再根据层级关系创建相应的目录文件 。

注册登记该kobj,如果该kobj属于某个kset,那么将自己的entry节点(list_head)挂接到该kset的list链表上,以示自己需要
该kset的滋润,同时kobj->parent=&kset->kobj,parent指向kset用来管理自己的kobj
如果该kobj的parent已经定义,那么简单的将parent的引用计数加1
(如果该kobj不属于kset,而属于parent,那么简单的将parent的引用计数加1.)
对于kobj属于某个kset的情况,可以实现kset向下查找kobj,也可以实现kobj向上查找kset。

对于kobj属于某个parent的情况,查找只能是单向的,只能kobj找到parent,parent不能查找该parent挂接的kobj们。
parent是用来明显建立亲子关系图的标志性变量,当然在kset也能若隐若现的显露出这种关系,但总不如parent正宗和高效。
之后调用create_dir()创建该kobj在sysfs中的目录文件
最后调用kobject_uevent()将KOBJ_ADD事件通知到用户空间的守护进程*/



if ((error = kobject_register(&drv->kobj))) //将driver挂到bus总线上。
goto out_put_bus; 

error = driver_attach(drv); //查找所有注册在该bus上的device,当有device的name和driver->name一样时。
即找到了该driver对应的设备。在里面调用的really_probe()函数中,实现了设备与驱动的绑定。
语句如下:dev->driver = drv;和ret = drv->probe(dev)



if (error) 
goto out_unregister; 
klist_add_tail(&drv->knode_bus, &bus->klist_drivers); 
module_add_driver(drv->owner, drv); 

/*所以一个驱动需要维持住1个klist链条和一个kobj层次结构--驱动drv->kobj对象,内核一方面使用
该kobj在sysfs中建立统一的与该kobj对应的目录对象供用户空间访问,另一方面使用该kobj的引用计数
来获悉该kobj设备的繁忙与空闲情况,
//当本kobj对象的引用计数到达0时,只要其他条件允许,那么说明集成本kobj的结构体对象不再使用,
内核得知这个情况很重要,因为这对内核进行进一步的决策提供了详细的证据资料,进而对物理设备进行细致
的电源管理成了可能,//如:当hub1上的所有端口设备都被拔掉之后,hub1就可以安全的进入省电模式了,而这个功能在2.4内核中是找不到的.

error = driver_add_attrs(bus, drv); 

if (error) { 
/* How the hell do we get out of this pickle? Give up */ 

printk(KERN_ERR "%s: driver_add_attrs(%s) failed\n", 
__FUNCTION__, drv->name); 
} 
error = add_bind_files(drv); 
if (error) { 
/* Ditto */ 
printk(KERN_ERR "%s: add_bind_files(%s) failed\n", 
__FUNCTION__, drv->name); 
} 
return error; 
out_unregister: 
kobject_unregister(&drv->kobj); 
out_put_bus: 
put_bus(bus); 
return error; 
} 




下面说明设备驱动是如何知道总线对应设备的

1.5 dd.c文件driver_attach()函数

在文件drivers/base/dd.c中,实现了设备与驱动交互的核心函数。

1.5.1 driver_attach()函数
函数driver_attach()返回bus_for_each_dev()函数的运行结果。bus_for_each_dev()函数的原型如下:
int bus_for_each_dev(struct bus_type *bus, struct device *start, void *data, 
int (*fn) (struct device *, void *));
该函数迭代了在总线上的每个设备,将相关的device结构传递给fn,同时传递data值。如果start是NULL,
将从总线上的第一个设备开始迭代;否则将从start后的第一个设备开始迭代。如果fn返回一个非零值,将停止迭代,
而这个值也会从该函数返回(摘自<>第三版)。
该函数是如何知道总线上的每个设备的呢?在设备注册过程中,我会详细介绍。
/* *drivers/base/dd.c - The core device/driver interactions. * * This file contains the (sometimes tricky) code that controls the *interactions between devices and drivers, which primarily includes *driver binding and unbinding. *//** *driver_attach - try to bind driver to devices. *@drv:driver. * *Walk the list of devices that the bus has on it and try to *match the driver with each one.If driver_probe_device() *
returns 0 and the @dev->driver is set, we've found a *compatible pair. */ 



int driver_attach(struct device_driver * drv) 
{ 
    return bus_for_each_dev(drv->bus, NULL, drv, __driver_attach); 
} 
1.5.2 __driver_attach()函数
函数__driver_attach()在调用driver_probe_device()函数前,需要进行线程间的互斥处理。
static int __driver_attach(struct device * dev, void * data) 
{ 

struct device_driver * drv = data; 
/* * Lock device and try to bind to it. We drop the error * here and always return 0, because we need to keep trying * to bind to devices and some drivers will return an error* simply if it didn't support the device. * * driver_probe_device() will spit a warning if there * is an error. */ 



if (dev->parent)

down(&dev->parent->sem); 
down(&dev->sem); 



if (!dev->driver) 
driver_probe_device(drv, dev); 

up(&dev->sem); 

if (dev->parent) 

up(&dev->parent->sem); 
return 0; 
}  




1.5.3 driver_probe_device()函数

在driver_probe_device()函数中,调用了match函数platform_match(),如果它返回0,
表示驱动与设备不一致,函数返回;否则,调用really_probe()函数。
/** * driver_probe_device - attempt to bind device & driver together 
* @drv: driver to bind a device to * @dev: device to try to bind to the driver * * First, 
we call the bus's match function, if one present, which should * compare the device 
IDs the driver supports with the device IDs of the * device. Note we don't do this 
ourselves because we don't know the * format of the ID structures, nor what is to be 
considered a match and * what is not. * * This function returns 1 if a match is found, 
an error if one occurs *(that is not -ENODEV or -ENXIO), and 0 otherwise. 
* * This function must be called with @dev->sem held.  When called for a * USB interface,
 @dev->parent->sem must be held as well. */ 



int driver_probe_device(struct device_driver * drv, struct device * dev) 
{ 

struct stupid_thread_structure *data; 
    struct task_struct *probe_task; 
    int ret = 0; 
    if (!device_is_registered(dev)) 
       return -ENODEV; 
    if (drv->bus->match && !drv->bus->match(dev, drv)) 
       goto done; 
    pr_debug("%s: Matched Device %s with Driver %s\n", 

        drv->bus->name, dev->bus_id, drv->name); 
    data = kmalloc(sizeof(*data), GFP_KERNEL); 

  if (!data) 
       return -ENOMEM; 
    data->drv = drv; 
    data->dev = dev; 

if (drv->multithread_probe) { 
       probe_task = kthread_run(really_probe, data, 
                   "probe-%s", dev->bus_id); 
       if (IS_ERR(probe_task)) 
           ret = really_probe(data); 
    } else 
       ret = really_probe(data); 
done: 
    return ret; 
}

struct stupid_thread_structure { 
    struct device_driver *drv; 
    struct device *dev; 
}; 

1.5.4 really_probe()函数
在really_probe()函数中,实现了设备与驱动的绑定。语句如下:dev->driver = drv;和
ret = drv->probe(dev); probe()函数的实现如下:
include/linux/platform_device.h
#define to_platform_device(x) container_of((x), struct platform_device, dev)
drivers/base/platform.c
#define to_platform_driver(drv) (container_of((drv), struct platform_driver, driver))



static int platform_drv_probe(struct device *_dev) 
{ 

struct platform_driver *drv = to_platform_driver(_dev->driver); 

    struct platform_device *dev = to_platform_device(_dev); 
    return drv->probe(dev); 
} 

在此函数中,回调了我们在i2c-at91.c文件中实现的探测函数at91_i2c_probe(),至此,平台驱动的注册过程结束。
static atomic_t probe_count = ATOMIC_INIT(0); 



static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(probe_waitqueue); 



static int really_probe(void *void_data) 
{ 
    struct stupid_thread_structure *data = void_data; 
    struct device_driver *drv = data->drv; 
    struct device *dev = data->dev; 

int ret = 0; 
    atomic_inc(&probe_count); 
    pr_debug("%s: Probing driver %s with device %s\n", 
        drv->bus->name, drv->name, dev->bus_id); 

WARN_ON(!list_empty(&dev->devres_head)); 



dev->driver = drv; 
    if (driver_sysfs_add(dev)) { 
       printk(KERN_ERR "%s: driver_sysfs_add(%s) failed\n", 
           __FUNCTION__, dev->bus_id); 
       goto probe_failed; 
    } 

    if (dev->bus->probe) { 
       ret = dev->bus->probe(dev); 
       if (ret) 
           goto probe_failed; 
    } else if (drv->probe) { 
       ret = drv->probe(dev); 
       if (ret) 
           goto probe_failed; 
    } 
    //设备与驱动绑定后,对系统中已注册的组件进行事件通知。
    driver_bound(dev); 
    ret = 1; 
    pr_debug("%s: Bound Device %s to Driver %s\n", 
        drv->bus->name, dev->bus_id, drv->name); 
    goto done; 
probe_failed: 
    devres_release_all(dev); 
    driver_sysfs_remove(dev); 
    dev->driver = NULL; 
    if (ret != -ENODEV && ret != -ENXIO) { 
       /* driver matched but the probe failed */ 
       printk(KERN_WARNING 
              "%s: probe of %s failed with error %d\n", 
              drv->name, dev->bus_id, ret); 
    } 
   /* * Ignore errors returned by ->probe so that the next driver can try  * its luck. */ 

ret = 0; 
done: 
    kfree(data); 
    atomic_dec(&probe_count); 
    wake_up(&probe_waitqueue); 
    return ret; 
}


 

 

 

 

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