本篇详细说明merge的应用,join 和concatenate的拼接方法的与之相似。
pd.merge(left, right, how='inner', on=None, left_on=None, right_on=None,
left_index=False, right_index=False, sort=True,
suffixes=('_x', '_y'), copy=True, indicator=False,
validate=None)
参数如下:
1、基础实例:
import pandas as pd
left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['K0', 'K1', 'K2', 'K3'],
'A': ['A0', 'A1', 'A2', 'A3'],
'B': ['B0', 'B1', 'B2', 'B3']})
right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['K0', 'K1', 'K2', 'K3'],
'C': ['C0', 'C1', 'C2', 'C3'],
'D': ['D0', 'D1', 'D2', 'D3']})
result = pd.merge(left, right, on='key')
# on参数传递的key作为连接键
result
Out[4]:
A B key C D
0 A0 B0 K0 C0 D0
1 A1 B1 K1 C1 D1
2 A2 B2 K2 C2 D2
3 A3 B3 K3 C3 D3
2、传入的on的参数是列表:
left = pd.DataFrame({'key1': ['K0', 'K0', 'K1', 'K2'],
'key2': ['K0', 'K1', 'K0', 'K1'],
'A': ['A0', 'A1', 'A2', 'A3'],
'B': ['B0', 'B1', 'B2', 'B3']})
right = pd.DataFrame({'key1': ['K0', 'K1', 'K1', 'K2'],
'key2': ['K0', 'K0', 'K0', 'K0'],
'C': ['C0', 'C1', 'C2', 'C3'],
'D': ['D0', 'D1', 'D2', 'D3']})
result = pd.merge(left, right, on=['key1', 'key2'])
# 同时传入两个Key,此时会进行以['key1','key2']列表的形式进行对应,left的keys列表是:[['K0', 'K0'],['K0', 'K1'],['K1', 'K0'],['K2', 'K1']],
left的keys列表是:[['K0', 'K0'],['K1', 'K0'],['K1', 'K0'],['K2', 'K0']],因此会有1个['K0', 'K0']、2个['K1', 'K0']对应。
result
Out[6]:
A B key1 key2 C D
0 A0 B0 K0 K0 C0 D0
1 A2 B2 K1 K0 C1 D1
2 A2 B2 K1 K0 C2 D2
3、Merge method
如果组合键没有出现在左表或右表中,则连接表中的值将为NA。
Merge method | SQL Join Name | Description |
---|---|---|
left | LEFTOUTER JOIN | Use keys from left frame only |
right | RIGHT OUTER JOIN | Use keys from right frame only |
outer | FULL OUTER JOIN | Use union of keys from both frames |
inner | INNER JOIN | Use intersection of keys from both frames |
result = pd.merge(left, right, how='left', on=['key1', 'key2'])
# Use keys from left frame only
result
Out[34]:
A B key1 key2 C D
0 A0 B0 K0 K0 C0 D0
1 A1 B1 K0 K1 NaN NaN
2 A2 B2 K1 K0 C1 D1
3 A2 B2 K1 K0 C2 D2
4 A3 B3 K2 K1 NaN NaN
result = pd.merge(left, right, how='right', on=['key1', 'key2'])
# Use keys from right frame only
result
Out[36]:
A B key1 key2 C D
0 A0 B0 K0 K0 C0 D0
1 A2 B2 K1 K0 C1 D1
2 A2 B2 K1 K0 C2 D2
3 NaN NaN K2 K0 C3 D3
result = pd.merge(left, right, how='outer', on=['key1', 'key2'])
# Use intersection of keys from both frames
result
Out[38]:
A B key1 key2 C D
0 A0 B0 K0 K0 C0 D0
1 A1 B1 K0 K1 NaN NaN
2 A2 B2 K1 K0 C1 D1
3 A2 B2 K1 K0 C2 D2
4 A3 B3 K2 K1 NaN NaN
5 NaN NaN K2 K0 C3 D3
-----------------------------------------------------
left = pd.DataFrame({'A' : [1,2], 'B' : [2, 2]})
right = pd.DataFrame({'A' : [4,5,6], 'B': [2,2,2]})
result = pd.merge(left, right, on='B', how='outer')
result
Out[40]:
A_x B A_y
0 1 2 4
1 1 2 5
2 1 2 6
3 2 2 4
4 2 2 5
5 2 2 6
4、传入indicator参数
merge接受参数指示符。 如果为True,则将名为_merge的Categorical类型列添加到具有值的输出对象:
Observation Origin | _merge value |
---|---|
Merge key only in ‘left’ frame | left_only |
Merge key only in ‘right’ frame | right_only |
Merge key in | both frames |
df1 = pd.DataFrame({'col1': [0, 1], 'col_left':['a', 'b']})
df2 = pd.DataFrame({'col1': [1, 2, 2],'col_right':[2, 2, 2]})
pd.merge(df1, df2, on='col1', how='outer', indicator=True)
Out[44]:
col1 col_left col_right _merge
0 0.0 a NaN left_only
1 1.0 b 2.0 both
2 2.0 NaN 2.0 right_only
3 2.0 NaN 2.0 right_only
指标参数也将接受字符串参数,在这种情况下,指标函数将使用传递的字符串的值作为指标列的名称。
pd.merge(df1, df2, on='col1', how='outer', indicator='indicator_column')
Out[45]:
col1 col_left col_right indicator_column
0 0.0 a NaN left_only
1 1.0 b 2.0 both
2 2.0 NaN 2.0 right_only
3 2.0 NaN 2.0 right_only
5、以index为链接键
需要同时设置left_index= True 和 right_index= True,或者left_index设置的同时,right_on指定某个Key。总的来说就是需要指定left、right链接的键,可以同时是key、index或者混合使用。
left = pd.DataFrame({'A': ['A0', 'A1', 'A2'],
....: 'B': ['B0', 'B1', 'B2']},
....: index=['K0', 'K1', 'K2'])
....:
right = pd.DataFrame({'C': ['C0', 'C2', 'C3'],
....: 'D': ['D0', 'D2', 'D3']},
....: index=['K0', 'K2', 'K3'])
....:
# 只有K0、K2有对应的值
pd.merge(left,right,how= 'inner',left_index=True,right_index=True)
Out[51]:
A B C D
K0 A0 B0 C0 D0
K2 A2 B2 C2 D2
left = pd.DataFrame({'A': ['A0', 'A1', 'A2', 'A3'],
'B': ['B0', 'B1', 'B2', 'B3'],
'key': ['K0', 'K1', 'K0', 'K1']})
right = pd.DataFrame({'C': ['C0', 'C1'],
'D': ['D0', 'D1']},
index=['K0', 'K1'])
result = pd.merge(left, right, left_on='key', right_index=True, how='left', sort=False)
# left_on='key', right_index=True
result
Out[54]:
A B key C D
0 A0 B0 K0 C0 D0
1 A1 B1 K1 C1 D1
2 A2 B2 K0 C0 D0
3 A3 B3 K1 C1 D1
6、sort对链接的键值进行排序:
紧接着上一例,设置sort= True
result = pd.merge(left, right, left_on='key', right_index=True, how='left', sort=True)
result
Out[57]:
A B key C D
0 A0 B0 K0 C0 D0
2 A2 B2 K0 C0 D0
1 A1 B1 K1 C1 D1
3 A3 B3 K1 C1 D1
总的来说,merge的应用场景是针对链接键来进行操作的,链接键可以是index或者column。但是实际应用时一定注意的是left或者right的键值不要重复,这样引来麻烦。