restful-framwork续集1

1.DRF的视图

1.1APIView与View的区别

我们django中写CBV的时候继承的是View，rest_framework继承的是APIView，那么他们两个有什么不同呢~~~

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^book$', BookView.as_view()),
    url(r'^book/(?P\d+)$', BookEditView.as_view()),
]
我们可以看到，不管是View还是APIView最开始调用的都是as_view()方法~~那我们走进源码看看~~

我们能看到，APIView继承了View, 并且执行了View中的as_view()方法，最后把view返回了，用csrf_exempt()方法包裹后去掉了csrf的认证。

那我们看看View中的as_view()方法做了什么~

我们看到了~在View中的as_view方法返回了view函数，而view函数执行了self.dispatch()方法~~但是这里的dispatch方法应该是我们APIView中的~~

我们去initialize_request中看下把什么赋值给了request，并且赋值给了self.request, 也就是我们在视图中用的request.xxx到底是什么~~

我们看到，这个方法返回的是Request这个类的实例对象~~我们注意我们看下这个Request类中的第一个参数request，是我们走我们django的时候的原来的request~

我们看到了，这个Request类把原来的request赋值给了self._request, 也就是说以后_request是我们老的request，新的request是我们这个Request类~~

那我们继承APIView之后请求来的数据都在哪呢~~

我们用了rest_framework框架以后，我们的request是重新封装的Request类~

request.query_params 存放的是我们get请求的参数

request.data 存放的是我们所有的数据，包括post请求的以及put，patch请求~~~

相比原来的django的request，我们现在的request更加精简，清晰了~~~

现在我们知道了APIView和View的一些区别~~当然还有~~后面我们还会说~~

我们写的视图可能对多个表进行增删改查，就导致我们的视图特别多重复的代码~~

那么我们尝试着来进行封装一下~~

1.2第一次封装

class BookView(APIView):

    def get(self, request):
        query_set = Book.objects.all()
        book_ser = BookSerializer(query_set, many=True)
        return Response(book_ser.data)

    def post(self, request):
        query_set = request.data
        book_ser = BookSerializer(data=query_set)
        if book_ser.is_valid():
            book_ser.save()
            return Response(book_ser.validated_data)
        else:
            return Response(book_ser.errors)

class BookEditView(APIView):

    def get(self, request, id):
        query_set = Book.objects.filter(id=id).first()
        book_ser = BookSerializer(query_set)
        return Response(book_ser.data)

    def patch(self, request, id):
        query_set = Book.objects.filter(id=id).first()
        book_ser = BookSerializer(query_set, data=request.data, partial=True)
        if book_ser.is_valid():
            book_ser.save()
            return Response(book_ser.validated_data)
        else:
            return Response(book_ser.errors)

    def delete(self, request, id):
        query_set = Book.objects.filter(id=id).first()
        if query_set:
            query_set.delete()
            return Response("")
        else:
            return Response("删除的书籍不存在")

# 第一次封装

class GenericAPIView(APIView):
    queryset = None
    serializer_class = None

    def get_queryset(self):
        return self.queryset.all()

    def get_serializer(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.serializer_class(*args, **kwargs)

class ListModelMixin(object):
    def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        queryset = self.get_queryset()
        serializer = self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True)
        return Response(serializer.data)

class CreateModelMixin(object):
    def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            serializer.save()
            return Response(serializer.validated_data)
        else:
            return Response(serializer.errors)

class RetrieveModelMixin(object):
    def retrieve(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs):
        book_obj = self.get_queryset().filter(pk=id).first()
        book_ser = self.get_serializer(book_obj)
        return Response(book_ser.data)

class UpdateModelMixin(object):
    def update(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs):
        book_obj = self.get_queryset().filter(pk=id).first()
        book_ser = self.get_serializer(book_obj, data=request.data, partial=True)
        if book_ser.is_valid():
            book_ser.save()
            return Response(book_ser.validated_data)
        else:
            return Response(book_ser.errors)

class DestroyModelMixin(object):
    def destroy(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs):
        queryset = self.get_queryset()
        try:
            queryset.get(pk=id).delete()
            return Response("")
        except Exception as e:
            return Response("信息有误")
# 我们把公共的部分抽出来 这样不管写多少表的增删改查都变的很简单
# 这样封装后我们的视图会变成这样

class BookView(GenericAPIView, ListModelMixin, CreateModelMixin):
    queryset = Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializer

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)

class BookEditView(GenericAPIView, RetrieveModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin, DestroyModelMixin):
    queryset = Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializer

    def get(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.retrieve(request, id, *args, **kwargs)

    def patch(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.update(request, id, *args, **kwargs)

    def destroy(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.delete(request, id, *args, **kwargs)

我们封装的GenericAPIView，包括封装每个方法的类，其实框架都帮我们封装好了~~

我们可以直接继承这些类~~来实现上面的视图~~可是还有没有更简单的方法呢~我们再次封装一下~~

1.3二次封装

# 上面我们写的继承类太长了~~我们再改改

class ListCreateAPIView(GenericAPIView, ListModelMixin, CreateModelMixin):
    pass

class RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView(GenericAPIView, RetrieveModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin, DestroyModelMixin):
    pass

class BookView(ListCreateAPIView):
    queryset = Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializer

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)

class BookEditView(RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
    queryset = Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializer

    def get(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.retrieve(request, id, *args, **kwargs)

    def patch(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.update(request, id, *args, **kwargs)

    def delete(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.delete(request, id, *args, **kwargs)

这次我们只是让继承变的简单了一点而已，好像并没有什么大的进步~~

我们可不可以把这两个视图合并成一个视图呢~~~框架给我们提供了一个路由传参的方法~~

我们看下ViewSetMixin

actions这个默认参数其实就是我们路由可以进行传参了~~~

下面这个循环~可以看出~我们要传的参数是一个字段~key应该是我们的请求方式，value应该对应我们处理的方法~

这样我们每个视图就不用在写函数了~因为已经和内部实现的函数相对应了~

1.4三次封装

#urls.py

urlpatterns = [
    # url(r'^book$', BookView.as_view()),
    # url(r'^book/(?P\d+)$', BookEditView.as_view()),
    url(r'^book$', BookView.as_view({"get": "list", "post": "create"})),
    url(r'^book/(?P\d+)$', BookView.as_view({"get": "retrieve", "patch": "update", "delete": "destroy"})),
]

from rest_framework.viewsets import ViewSetMixin

# class BookView(ViewSetMixin, ListCreateAPIView, RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
#     queryset = Book.objects.all()
#     serializer_class = BookSerializer

# 如果我们再定义一个类
class ModelViewSet(ViewSetMixin, ListCreateAPIView, RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
    pass

class BookView(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializer

我们现在的视图就只要写两行就可以了~~~

其实我们写的所有的视图~框架都帮我们封装好了~

注意一点~~
用框架封装的视图~我们url上的那个关键字参数要用pk~~系统默认的~~

奉献一张图来看下我们的继承顺序~~~

2.DRF的路由

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path,include
from app.views import BookView
from rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter

router = DefaultRouter()

router.register(r"book", BookView)
urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    # path(r'book/', BookView.as_view({"get": "list", "post": "create"})),
    # path('book//', BookView.as_view({"get": "list",  "put": "update", "delete": "destroy"})),

]
urlpatterns += router.urls

我们可以看到~~通过框架我们可以把路由视图都变的非常简单~~

但是需要自定制的时候还是需要我们自己用APIView写~~当不需要那么多路由的时候~也不要用这种路由注册~~

3.案例展示

#views.py

from app.models import Book, Publisher
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet

from app.serializers import BookSerializer
class BookView(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializer

#urls.py

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path,include
from app.views import BookView
from rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter

router = DefaultRouter()

router.register(r"book", BookView)
urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    # path(r'book/', BookView.as_view({"get": "list", "post": "create"})),
    # path('book//', BookView.as_view({"get": "list",  "put": "update", "delete": "destroy"})),

]
urlpatterns += router.urls

#自定制的urls.py
默认的urls配置，暴露了过多的方法，有的时候，我们不想暴露put或delete，就需要自定制url
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path,include
from app.views import BookView
from rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter

router = DefaultRouter()

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path(r'book/', BookView.as_view({"get": "list", "post": "create"})),
        #注意get对应retrive,只获取一条数据
        #不希望有delete,就去掉delete即可。
    path('book//', BookView.as_view({"get": "retrieve",  "put": "update", "delete": "destroy"})),

]