erlang mnesia的dirty_write详细分析

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mnesia作为一个天生分布式的数据库,为保证各个节点数据的一致性,会对于每个非读操作进行节点间的数据同步。

dirty_write也是要同步数据的,他和普通写操作的区别在于:

1.对操作不加锁。

2.同步数据请求不要求回执。

这样就会大大的增强操作的执行效率。在调用dirty_write后,mnesia会给除自己以外的所有联通节点发送消息,告诉他们应该执行的操作,然后自己再执行mnesia_tm:do_dirty。其他节点收到同步数据的请求后,也会调用mnesia_tm:do_dirty。

然后我做了一下测试分别是在不同节点数的情况下,执行100000个并发进程去dirty_write同一个mnesia表,结果如下:

1.当单独一个节点时,并发100000个进程去脏写mnesia,平均每次的耗时是18微秒左右。

2.但是2个节点的话,并发100000个进程去脏写mnesia,平均每次的耗时是54微秒左右。

3.而3个节点的话,并发100000个进程去脏写mnesia,平均每次的耗时是82微秒左右。

也就是说,发送同步消息的消耗会随着节点数的上升而提高。如果我们的项目节点书在10以上的时候,整个一个do_dirty操作会高到不能忍受的地步,这该怎么办呢?

要想知道解决办法我们还要在分析一下dirty_write的流程来找到哪里是整个操作的瓶颈。

1.最开始猜测是发送消息多个节点多了20-30微秒,可是实际经过我的测试,一个节点向另一个节点发消息,10万并发,平均2微秒左右。那就不对了,多余的10多微秒都干嘛去了呢?为了确认是否是发送消息影响了整个流程,我改了mnesia_tm这个module的代码,把发送消息的代码注释掉了,然后重复上面的测试,3个节点的情况下,平均耗时缩小到了25微秒左右。也就是说确实是发送消息占用了多余的时间。那为什么单独测试消耗的时间很小呢,我猜测应该是单独测并发多少万,如果操作简单的话,实际上同时运行的进程数很少,因为有可能第1000个进程还没启动第一个进程就运行完毕了呢,这样的话同时并发根本到不了1000以上,所以测试并发消息发送的那个测试并不准确。而mnesia的测试,由于整个流程的占用时间很长,所以同时并发的进程数可能达到了几万,那么同时消息发送可能达到几万,那么占用时间就相应的增加了。结论就是erlang的send操作,如果并发量越大,那么每个send操作占用的时间越长。所以发送消息这边没法提高速度,现有情况已经是最优的了。

2.那么剩下来能优化的地方就是mnesia_tm:do_dirty这方面了,因为所有的节点包括本地节点都要用do_dirty来操作ets表更新数据,这方面可以通过同时操作多个ets表来避免阻塞。也就是分表。原来读写一张表变成读写多个同样表结构的表。通过实验测试:

1.还是3个节点,并且分3张表,并发100000个进程去脏写mnesia,平均每次的耗时是54微秒左右。

2.还是3个节点,并且分4张表,并发100000个进程去脏写mnesia,平均每次的耗时是28微秒左右。

效率有明显的提升。说明这个方法有效。

 

下面是测试的代码:

测试分表性能和多节点性能:

-module (test_mnesia_split).

-export ([start/0, dw/0, tdw/0, stop/0, dw1/0, tdw1/0]).

-record (test_mnesia, {userid, pid}).
-record (test_mnesia1, {userid, pid}).
-record (test_mnesia2, {userid, pid}).
-record (test_mnesia3, {userid, pid}).

start() ->
    NodeList = node_list(),
    rpc_call(mnesia, stop, [], stopped),
    mnesia:delete_schema(NodeList),
    mnesia:create_schema(NodeList),
    rpc_call(mnesia, start, [], ok),
    {atomic,ok} = mnesia:create_table(test_mnesia, [{ram_copies, NodeList},
                                                    {attributes, record_info(fields, test_mnesia)}]),
    {atomic,ok} = mnesia:create_table(test_mnesia1, [{ram_copies, NodeList},
                                                    {attributes, record_info(fields, test_mnesia1)}]),
    {atomic,ok} = mnesia:create_table(test_mnesia2, [{ram_copies, NodeList},
                                                    {attributes, record_info(fields, test_mnesia2)}]),
    {atomic,ok} = mnesia:create_table(test_mnesia3, [{ram_copies, NodeList},
                                                    {attributes, record_info(fields, test_mnesia3)}]),
    {atomic,ok} = mnesia:add_table_index(test_mnesia, pid).
    % rpc_call(mnesia, stop, [], stopped).

stop() ->
    NodeList = node_list(),
    rpc_call(mnesia, stop, [], stopped),
    mnesia:delete_schema(NodeList).


dw() ->
    <> = crypto:strong_rand_bytes(12),
    random:seed (A, B, C),
    Random = random:uniform(3),
    UserId = <<"user_1@android">>,
    mnesia:dirty_write(#test_mnesia{userid = UserId, pid = UserId}).

tdw() ->
    tc:ct(?MODULE, dw, [], 100000).

dw1() ->
    <> = crypto:strong_rand_bytes(12),
    random:seed (A, B, C),
    Random = random:uniform(3),
    UserId = <<"user_1@android">>,
    case Random of
        1 ->
            mnesia:dirty_write(#test_mnesia1{userid = UserId, pid = UserId});
        2 ->
            mnesia:dirty_write(#test_mnesia2{userid = UserId, pid = UserId});
        3 ->
            mnesia:dirty_write(#test_mnesia3{userid = UserId, pid = UserId});
        _ ->
            mnesia:dirty_write(#test_mnesia{userid = UserId, pid = UserId})
    end.

tdw1() ->
    tc:ct(?MODULE, dw1, [], 100000).



%% ===================================================================
%% Internal functions
%% ===================================================================
node_list() ->
    [node() | nodes()].

rpc_call(Module, Function, Args, Result) ->
    rpc_call(node_list(), Module, Function, Args, Result).
rpc_call([H|T], Module, Function, Args, Result) ->
    Result = rpc:call(H, Module, Function, Args),
    rpc_call(T, Module, Function, Args, Result);
rpc_call([], _, _, _, _) ->
    ok.

 

 

测试消息发送的性能:

-module (ts).

-export ([start_rec/0, send/0, start/1]).

start_rec() ->
    Pid = spawn(fun() -> rec() end),
    case whereis(rec) of
        undefined ->
            register(rec, Pid);
        _ ->
            ok
    end.


rec() ->
    receive
        stop ->
            stop;
        _ ->
            rec()
    end.

send() ->
    send(1000).

send(N) when N > 1 ->
    {rec, '[email protected]'} ! a,
    send(N - 1);
send(1) ->
    {Microsecond, _} = timer:tc(erlang, send, [{rec, '[email protected]'},a]),
    collector ! {result, Microsecond},
    ok.

collector(Max, Min, Sum, N, I, List) when N >= I ->
    receive
        {result, Microsecond} ->
            NewSum = Sum + Microsecond,
            if
                Max == 0 ->
                    NewMax = NewMin = Microsecond;
                Max < Microsecond ->
                    NewMax = Microsecond,
                    NewMin = Min;
                Min > Microsecond ->
                    NewMax = Max,
                    NewMin = Microsecond;
                true ->
                    NewMax = Max,
                    NewMin = Min
            end,
            collector(NewMax, NewMin, NewSum, N, I + 1, [Microsecond|List])
    end;
collector(Max, Min, Sum, N, _, List) ->
    Aver = Sum / N,
    {Less5, Less10, Less20, Less50, Less100, Less500, Other} = distribution(List, Aver),
    {Max, Min, Sum, Aver, Less5, Less10, Less20, Less50, Less100, Less500, Other}.

distribution(List, Aver) ->
    distribution(List, Aver, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0).
distribution([H|T], Aver, Less5, Less10, Less20, Less50, Less100, Less500, Other) ->
    if
        H < 5 ->
            distribution(T, Aver, Less5 + 1, Less10, Less20, Less50, Less100, Less500, Other);
        H < 10 ->
            distribution(T, Aver, Less5, Less10 + 1, Less20, Less50, Less100, Less500, Other);
        H < 20 ->
            distribution(T, Aver, Less5, Less10, Less20 + 1, Less50, Less100, Less500, Other);
        H < 50 ->
            distribution(T, Aver, Less5, Less10, Less20, Less50 + 1, Less100, Less500, Other);
        H < 100 ->
            distribution(T, Aver, Less5, Less10, Less20, Less50, Less100 + 1, Less500, Other);
        H < 500 ->
            distribution(T, Aver, Less5, Less10, Less20, Less50, Less100, Less500 + 1, Other);
        true ->
            distribution(T, Aver, Less5, Less10, Less20, Less50, Less100, Less500, Other + 1)
    end;
distribution([], _Aver, Less5, Less10, Less20, Less50, Less100, Less500, Other) ->
    {Less5, Less10, Less20, Less50, Less100, Less500, Other}.

start(N) ->
    case whereis(collector) of
        undefined ->
            register(collector, self());
        _ ->
            ok
    end,
    loop(N),
    {Max, Min, Sum, Aver, Less5, Less10, Less20, Less50, Less100, Less500, Other} = collector(0, 0, 0, N, 1, []),
    io:format ("=====================~n"),
    io:format ("spawn [~p] processes of erlang:send/3:~n", [N]),
    io:format ("Maximum: ~p(μs)\t~p(s)~n", [Max, Max / 1000000]),
    io:format ("Minimum: ~p(μs)\t~p(s)~n", [Min, Min / 1000000]),
    io:format ("Sum: ~p(μs)\t~p(s)~n", [Sum, Sum / 1000000]),
    io:format ("Average: ~p(μs)\t~p(s)~n", [Aver, Aver / 1000000]),
    io:format ("0   <= x < 5:   ~p~n", [Less5]),
    io:format ("5   <= x < 10:  ~p~n", [Less10]),
    io:format ("10  <= x < 20:  ~p~n", [Less20]),
    io:format ("20  <= x < 50:  ~p~n", [Less50]),
    io:format ("50  <= x < 100: ~p~n", [Less100]),
    io:format ("100 <= x < 500: ~p~n", [Less500]),
    io:format ("x => 500:       ~p~n", [Other]),
    io:format ("=====================~n").

loop(N) when N > 0 ->
    spawn(fun ts:send/0),
    loop(N - 1);
loop(0) ->
    ok.

 

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