Go 编程语言的 12 条最佳实践

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最佳实践

维基百科的定义是:

“最佳实践是一种方法或技术,其结果始终优于其他方式。”

写Go代码的目标就是:

  • 简洁
  • 可读性强
  • 可维护性好

样例代码

 

type Gopher struct {
    Name     string
    Age      int32
    FurColor color.Color
}

func (g *Gopher) DumpBinary(w io.Writer) error {
    err := binary.Write(w, binary.LittleEndian, int32(len(g.Name)))
    if err == nil {
        _, err := w.Write([]byte(g.Name))
        if err == nil {
            err := binary.Write(w, binary.LittleEndian, g.Age)
            if err == nil {
                return binary.Write(w, binary.LittleEndian, g.FurColor)
            }
            return err
        }
        return err
    }
    return err
}

 

 

避免嵌套的处理错误

 

func (g *Gopher) DumpBinary(w io.Writer) error {
    err := binary.Write(w, binary.LittleEndian, int32(len(g.Name)))
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    _, err = w.Write([]byte(g.Name))
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    err = binary.Write(w, binary.LittleEndian, g.Age)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    return binary.Write(w, binary.LittleEndian, g.FurColor)
}

 减少嵌套意味着提高代码的可读性

 

尽可能避免重复

功能单一,代码更简洁

 

type binWriter struct {
    w   io.Writer
    err error
}

// Write writes a value into its writer using little endian.
func (w *binWriter) Write(v interface{}) {
    if w.err != nil {
        return
    }
    w.err = binary.Write(w.w, binary.LittleEndian, v)
}

func (g *Gopher) DumpBinary(w io.Writer) error {
    bw := &binWriter{w: w}
    bw.Write(int32(len(g.Name)))
    bw.Write([]byte(g.Name))
    bw.Write(g.Age)
    bw.Write(g.FurColor)
    return bw.err
}

 

 

使用类型推断来处理特殊情况

 

// Write writes a value into its writer using little endian.
func (w *binWriter) Write(v interface{}) {
    if w.err != nil {
        return
    }
    switch v.(type) {
    case string:
        s := v.(string)
        w.Write(int32(len(s)))
        w.Write([]byte(s))
    default:
        w.err = binary.Write(w.w, binary.LittleEndian, v)
    }
}

func (g *Gopher) DumpBinary(w io.Writer) error {
    bw := &binWriter{w: w}
    bw.Write(g.Name)
    bw.Write(g.Age)
    bw.Write(g.FurColor)
    return bw.err
}

 

 

类型推断的变量声明要短

 

// Write write the given value into the writer using little endian.
func (w *binWriter) Write(v interface{}) {
    if w.err != nil {
        return
    }
    switch v := v.(type) {
    case string:
        w.Write(int32(len(v)))
        w.Write([]byte(v))
    default:
        w.err = binary.Write(w.w, binary.LittleEndian, v)
    }
}

 

 

函数适配器

 

func init() {
    http.HandleFunc("/", handler)
}

func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    err := doThis()
    if err != nil {
        http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
        log.Printf("handling %q: %v", r.RequestURI, err)
        return
    }

    err = doThat()
    if err != nil {
        http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
        log.Printf("handling %q: %v", r.RequestURI, err)
        return
    }
}

func init() {
    http.HandleFunc("/", errorHandler(betterHandler))
}

func errorHandler(f func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request) error) http.HandlerFunc {
    return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        err := f(w, r)
        if err != nil {
            http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
            log.Printf("handling %q: %v", r.RequestURI, err)
        }
    }
}

func betterHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
    if err := doThis(); err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("doing this: %v", err)
    }

    if err := doThat(); err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("doing that: %v", err)
    }
    return nil
}

 

如何组织代码

 

将重要的代码放前面

版权信息,构建信息,包说明文档

Import 声明,相关的包连起来构成组,组与组之间用空行隔开。

 

import (
    "fmt"
    "io"
    "log"

    "code.google.com/p/go.net/websocket"
)

 接下来代码以最重要的类型开始,以工具函数和类型结束。

 

如何编写文档

包名之前要写相关文档

 

// Package playground registers an HTTP handler at "/compile" that
// proxies requests to the golang.org playground service.
package playground

 导出的标识符(译者按:大写的标识符为导出标识符)会出现在 godoc中,所以要正确的编写文档。

 

 

// Author represents the person who wrote and/or is presenting the document.
type Author struct {
    Elem []Elem
}

// TextElem returns the first text elements of the author details.
// This is used to display the author' name, job title, and company
// without the contact details.
func (p *Author) TextElem() (elems []Elem) {

 生成的文档示例

 

Gocode: 文档化Go代码

 

越简洁越好

或者 长代码往往不是最好的.

试着使用能自解释的最短的变量名.

  • 用 MarshalIndent ,别用 MarshalWithIndentation.

别忘了包名会出现在你选择的标识符前面

  • In package encoding/json we find the type Encoder, not JSONEncoder.
  • It is referred as json.Encoder.

 

有多个文件的包

需要将一个包分散到多个文件中吗?

  • 避免行数非常多的文件

标准库中 net/http 包有47个文件,共计 15734 行.

  • 拆分代码并测试

net/http/cookie.go 和 net/http/cookie_test.go 都是 http 包的一部分.

测试代码 只有 在测试时才会编译.

  • 多文件包的文档编写

如果一个包中有多个文件, 可以很方便的创建一个 doc.go 文件,包含包文档信息.

让包可以”go get”到

一些包将来可能会被复用,另外一些不会.

定义了一些网络协议的包可能会在开发一个可执行命令时复用.

github.com/bradfitz/camlistore

 

接口

你需要什么

让我们以之前的Gopher类型为例

 

type Gopher struct {
    Name     string
    Age      int32
    FurColor color.Color
}

 我们可以定义这个方法

 

 

func (g *Gopher) DumpToFile(f *os.File) error {

 但是使用一个具体的类型会让代码难以测试,因此我们使用接口.

 

 

func (g *Gopher) DumpToReadWriter(rw io.ReadWriter) error {

 进而,由于使用的是接口,我们可以只请求我们需要的.

 

 

func (g *Gopher) DumpToWriter(f io.Writer) error {

 

 

让独立的包彼此独立

 

import (
    "code.google.com/p/go.talks/2013/bestpractices/funcdraw/drawer"
    "code.google.com/p/go.talks/2013/bestpractices/funcdraw/parser"
)

 // Parse the text into an executable function.
    f, err := parser.Parse(text)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("parse %q: %v", text, err)
    }

    // Create an image plotting the function.
    m := drawer.Draw(f, *width, *height, *xmin, *xmax)

    // Encode the image into the standard output.
    err = png.Encode(os.Stdout, m)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("encode image: %v", err)
    }

 

 

解析

 

type ParsedFunc struct {
    text string
    eval func(float64) float64
}

func Parse(text string) (*ParsedFunc, error) {
    f, err := parse(text)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    return &ParsedFunc{text: text, eval: f}, nil
}

func (f *ParsedFunc) Eval(x float64) float64 { return f.eval(x) }
func (f *ParsedFunc) String() string         { return f.text }

 

 

描绘

 

import (
    "image"

    "code.google.com/p/go.talks/2013/bestpractices/funcdraw/parser"
)

// Draw draws an image showing a rendering of the passed ParsedFunc.
func DrawParsedFunc(f parser.ParsedFunc) image.Image {

 使用接口来避免依赖.

 

 

import "image"

// Function represent a drawable mathematical function.
type Function interface {
    Eval(float64) float64
}

// Draw draws an image showing a rendering of the passed Function.
func Draw(f Function) image.Image {

 

 

测试

使用接口而不是具体类型让测试更简洁.

 

package drawer

import (
    "math"
    "testing"
)

type TestFunc func(float64) float64

func (f TestFunc) Eval(x float64) float64 { return f(x) }

var (
    ident = TestFunc(func(x float64) float64 { return x })
    sin   = TestFunc(math.Sin)
)

func TestDraw_Ident(t *testing.T) {
    m := Draw(ident)
    // Verify obtained image.

 

 

在接口中避免并发

 

func doConcurrently(job string, err chan error) {
    go func() {
        fmt.Println("doing job", job)
        time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
        err <- errors.New("something went wrong!")
    }()
}

func main() {
    jobs := []string{"one", "two", "three"}

    errc := make(chan error)
    for _, job := range jobs {
        doConcurrently(job, errc)
    }
    for _ = range jobs {
        if err := <-errc; err != nil {
            fmt.Println(err)
        }
    }
}

 如果我们想串行的使用它会怎样?

 

 

func do(job string) error {
    fmt.Println("doing job", job)
    time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
    return errors.New("something went wrong!")
}

func main() {
    jobs := []string{"one", "two", "three"}

    errc := make(chan error)
    for _, job := range jobs {
        go func(job string) {
            errc <- do(job)
        }(job)
    }
    for _ = range jobs {
        if err := <-errc; err != nil {
            fmt.Println(err)
        }
    }
}

 暴露同步的接口,这样异步调用这些接口会简单.

 

并发的最佳实践

使用goroutines管理状态

使用chan或者有chan的结构体和goroutine通信

type Server struct{ quit chan bool }

func NewServer() *Server {
    s := &Server{make(chan bool)}
    go s.run()
    return s
}

func (s *Server) run() {
    for {
        select {
        case <-s.quit:
            fmt.Println("finishing task")
            time.Sleep(time.Second)
            fmt.Println("task done")
            s.quit <- true
            return
        case <-time.After(time.Second):
            fmt.Println("running task")
        }
    }
}

func (s *Server) Stop() {
    fmt.Println("server stopping")
    s.quit <- true
    <-s.quit
    fmt.Println("server stopped")
}

func main() {
    s := NewServer()
    time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
    s.Stop()
}

 

使用带缓存的chan,来避免goroutine内存泄漏

func sendMsg(msg, addr string) error {
    conn, err := net.Dial("tcp", addr)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    defer conn.Close()
    _, err = fmt.Fprint(conn, msg)
    return err
}

func main() {
    addr := []string{"localhost:8080", "http://google.com"}
    err := broadcastMsg("hi", addr)

    time.Sleep(time.Second)

    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
        return
    }
    fmt.Println("everything went fine")
}

func broadcastMsg(msg string, addrs []string) error {
    errc := make(chan error)
    for _, addr := range addrs {
        go func(addr string) {
            errc <- sendMsg(msg, addr)
            fmt.Println("done")
        }(addr)
    }

    for _ = range addrs {
        if err := <-errc; err != nil {
            return err
        }
    }
    return nil
}

 

  • goroutine阻塞在chan写操作
  • goroutine保存了一个chan的引用
  • chan永远不会垃圾回收
func broadcastMsg(msg string, addrs []string) error {
    errc := make(chan error, len(addrs))
    for _, addr := range addrs {
        go func(addr string) {
            errc <- sendMsg(msg, addr)
            fmt.Println("done")
        }(addr)
    }

    for _ = range addrs {
        if err := <-errc; err != nil {
            return err
        }
    }
    return nil
}

 如果我们不能预测channel的容量呢?

使用quit chan避免goroutine内存泄漏

func broadcastMsg(msg string, addrs []string) error {
    errc := make(chan error)
    quit := make(chan struct{})

    defer close(quit)

    for _, addr := range addrs {
        go func(addr string) {
            select {
            case errc <- sendMsg(msg, addr):
                fmt.Println("done")
            case <-quit:
                fmt.Println("quit")
            }
        }(addr)
    }

    for _ = range addrs {
        if err := <-errc; err != nil {
            return err
        }
    }
    return nil
}

 

12条最佳实践

1. 避免嵌套的处理错误
2. 尽可能避免重复
3. 将重要的代码放前面
4. 为代码编写文档
5. 越简洁越好
6. 讲包拆分到多个文件中
7. 让包”go get”到
8. 按需请求
9. 让独立的包彼此独立
10. 在接口中避免并发
11. 使用goroutine管理状态
12. 避免goroutine内存泄漏

一些链接

资源

  • Go 首页 golang.org
  • Go 交互式体验 tour.golang.org

其他演讲

  • 用go做词法扫描 video
  • 并发不是并行 video
  • Go并发模式 video
  • Go高级并发模式 video

 

 

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