linux upstart机制简介及封装应用

linux upstart机制简介及封装应用_第1张图片

前言

对于使用linux的同学,敲大段的命令都已经是家长便饭了。但有些时候用命令也不是那么方便,比如启动一个后台程序, sh ./app & 执行启动命令很简单,如果想停止这个应用或者重启这个应用,就不是那么方便了。

如果能把应用封装成系统服务,那么就可以使用的 启动,重起,停止,状态检查等的标准方法了。应用会像一个守护程序一样,被操作系统所管理。

 

文章目录

  1. 初识upstart
  2. upstart任务文件的语法
  3. upstart命令
  4. upstart封装mytest
  5. 例子:upstart封装Nginx
  6. 例子:upstart封装MySQL
  7. 例子:upstart封装ssh

1. 初识upstart

说来惭愧,用了很多年的linux,也没有想法去怎么能优化一下应用启动。最近部署Nodejs应用时才发现,原来ubuntu有这么优雅的应用管理方式。

upstart可以用来代替/etc/init.d/的执行脚本,额外提供了一些特性,像速度,状态检查,简单定义任务等。

upstart两个核心点:事件(events),任务(jobs)

事件状态图

linux upstart机制简介及封装应用_第2张图片

对状态的描述

  • waiting : initial state.
  • starting : job is about to start.
  • pre-start : running pre-start section.
  • spawned : about to run script or exec section.
  • post-start : running post-start section.
  • running : interim state set after post-start section processed denoting job is running (But it may have no associated PID!)
  • pre-stop : running pre-stop section.
  • stopping : interim state set after pre-stop section processed.
  • killed : job is about to be stopped.
  • post-stop : running post-stop section.

每个任务需要有一个配置文件,存放在/etc/init/目录下面。

~ vi /etc/init/mytest.conf

完成任务配置文件后,可以直接用initctl, start, stop 命令对任务进行启动,停止,查看状态 等的操作。

start mytest.conf

注:下面所有实例都以root权限进行操作

本文主要以实践为主。原理及更多细节介绍,请查看Upstart Cookbook:

http://upstart.ubuntu.com/cookbook/

2. upstart任务文件的语法

详细介绍: http://upstart.ubuntu.com/wiki/Stanzas
注:Stanzas的文档很多内容已经过期,建议参考cookbook或者man的使用帮助。

任务文件支持的语法关键字

Process Definition:
exec, script, pre-start, post-start, pre-stop, post-stop,

Event Definition:
start on, stop on, manual

Job Environment:
env, export

Services, tasks and respawning:
normal exit, respawn, respawn limit, task

Instances:
instance

Documentation:
description, author, version, emits, usage

Process environment:
console none,console log, console output, console owner, nice, limit, chroot, chdir, oom score, setgid, setuid, umask

Process Control:
expect fork, expect daemon, expect stop, kill signal, kill timeout

过期关键字:
service, daemon, pid

部分语法关键字介绍:

exec : 执行命令,在script块中使用。

语法:exec /usr/bin/zip -v

script: 脚本块,包括主运行脚本

语法:


script
    exec /usr/bin/zip /root/upstart.zip /root/upstart.txt
end script

pre-start: 脚本块,在主运行脚本之前执行的脚本

语法:


pre-start script
    exec rm /root/upstart.txt
    exec echo pre-start >> /root/upstart.txt
end script

post-start: 脚本块,在主运行脚本之后,running状态之前

语法:


post-start script
    exec echo post-start >> /root/upstart.txt
end script

pre-stop: 脚本块,在执行stop之前

语法:


pre-stop script
    exec echo pre-stop >> /root/upstart.txt
end script

post-stop: 脚本块,在主运行脚本被杀死之后

语法:


post-stop script
    exec echo post-stop >> /root/upstart.txt
end script

start on: 事件,启动任务

语法:

start on startup

stop on: 事件,停止任务

语法:

stop on suhtdown

description: 描述,信息提示
语法:

description "This is a upstart testing."

author: 描述,作者信息
语法:

author "Conan_Z "

version: 描述,版本信息
语法:

version "0.0.1 dev"

respawn: 命令,设置服务异常停止后自动重启
语法:

respawn

respawn limit: 命令,设置服务异常停止后重启次数及间隔时间
语法:

respawn limit 15 3

service: 命令,0.6版本后不再使用,被respawn取代

instance: 定义实例名字,可以通过命令给任务传参数
语法:


instance $TTY
exec /sbin/getty -8 38300 $TTY

#通过命令传参数
~ start mytest $TTY=tty1

daemon: 作为守护进程的标志,0.5.0版本后被expect fork取代

kill timeout: 命令,在到达指定时间后,停止应用

语法:

kill timeout 5

kill timeout: 命令,正常退出,不会被respawn重启

语法:

normal exit 0 TERM

console: 命令,控制后输出,支持4种操作logged|output|owner|none

语法:

console owner

env: 变量,设置任务的环境变量

语法:

env PIDFILE=/var/run/myprocess.pid

umask: 变量,设置任务的文件权限的掩码

语法:

umask 0755

nice: 变量,设置任务的调度优先级

语法:

nice -5

limit: 变量,设置任务的资源限制

语法:

limit nproc 10 10

chroot: 变量,设置任务的根目录

语法:

chroot /var/lib/www/jail

chdir: 变量,设置任务的工作目录

语法:

chdir /var/tmp

3. upstart命令介绍

linux upstart机制简介及封装应用_第3张图片

查看upstart版本

~ initctl version
init (upstart 1.5)

查看mytest应用状态

#方法1
~ initctl list|grep mytest
#方法2
~ status mytest

启动mytest应用

#方法1:
~ initctl start mytest
#方法2
~ start mytest

停止mytest应用

#方法1:
~ initctl stop mytest
#方法2
~ stop mytest

4. upstart封装mytest

用upstart写一个简单的应用脚本。

~ vi /etc/init/mytest.conf

description "mytest"
author "bsspirit "

env var=bar
export var

start on startup
stop on shutdown

respawn
respawn limit 2 5

console output

pre-start script
        logger "pre-start: before: var=$var"
        var=pre-start
        export var
        logger "pre-start: after: var=$var"
end script

post-start script
        logger "post-start: before: var=$var"
        var=post-start
        export var
        logger "post-start: after: var=$var"
end script

script
        logger "script: before: var=$var"
        var=main
        export var
        sleep 60000
        logger "script: after: var=$var"
end script

post-stop script
        logger "post-stop: before: var=$var"
        var=post-stop
        export var
        logger "post-stop: after: var=$var"
end script

 

测试mytest程序:

启动mytest任务


~ start mytest
mytest start/running, process 20682

查看日志跟踪运行状态


~ tail -f /var/log/syslog

Jun 21 08:11:21 li478-194 logger: pre-start: before: var=bar
Jun 21 08:11:21 li478-194 logger: pre-start: after: var=pre-start
Jun 21 08:11:21 li478-194 logger: script: before: var=bar
Jun 21 08:11:21 li478-194 logger: post-start: before: var=bar
Jun 21 08:11:21 li478-194 logger: post-start: after: var=post-start

查看mytest任务状态


~ status mytest
mytest start/running, process 20682

查看系统进程,因为在程序中用sleep停止,要通过sleep查询


~ ps -aux|grep sleep

root     20686  0.0  0.0   4304   352 ?        S    08:11   0:00 sleep 60000

杀掉sleep进程,mytest自动重启


~ kill -9 20686
~ ps -aux|grep sleep
root     20703  0.0  0.0   4304   344 ?        S    08:14   0:00 sleep 60000

~ /var/log/syslog
Jun 21 08:15:59 li478-194 logger: post-stop: before: var=bar
Jun 21 08:15:59 li478-194 logger: post-stop: after: var=post-stop
Jun 21 08:15:59 li478-194 logger: pre-start: before: var=bar
Jun 21 08:15:59 li478-194 logger: pre-start: after: var=pre-start
Jun 21 08:15:59 li478-194 logger: script: before: var=bar
Jun 21 08:15:59 li478-194 logger: post-start: before: var=bar
Jun 21 08:15:59 li478-194 logger: post-start: after: var=post-start

停止mytest


~ stop mytest
mytest stop/waiting

~ /var/log/syslog
Jun 21 08:16:49 li478-194 logger: post-stop: before: var=bar
Jun 21 08:16:49 li478-194 logger: post-stop: after: var=post-stop

~ ps -aux|grep sleep

通过命令传参数,启动mytest


~ start mytest var=conan
mytest start/running, process 20735

~ /var/log/syslog
Jun 21 08:18:51 li478-194 logger: pre-start: before: var=conan
Jun 21 08:18:51 li478-194 logger: pre-start: after: var=pre-start
Jun 21 08:18:51 li478-194 logger: script: before: var=conan
Jun 21 08:18:51 li478-194 logger: post-start: before: var=conan
Jun 21 08:18:51 li478-194 logger: post-start: after: var=post-start

不同参数,再次启动mytest


~ start mytest var=bsspirit
start: Job is already running: mytest

启动已经启动,禁止应用多次启动。
实验成功,我们可以很方便地利用upstart,来封装我们自己的应用成为系统服务。

下面将介绍同个软件使用upstart的例子。

5. upstart封装Nginx

Nginx官方配置:http://wiki.nginx.org/Upstart

增加配置文件


~ vi /etc/init/nginx

# nginx

description "nginx http daemon"
author "George Shammas "

start on (filesystem and net-device-up IFACE=lo)
stop on runlevel [!2345]

env DAEMON=/usr/sbin/nginx
env PID=/var/run/nginx.pid

expect fork
respawn
respawn limit 10 5
#oom never

pre-start script
        $DAEMON -t
        if [ $? -ne 0 ]
                then exit $?
        fi
end script

exec $DAEMON

查看nginx的系统状态


~ initctl list | grep nginx

启动nginx


~ initctl start nginx

6. upstart封装MySQL

查看upstart配置文件,把MySQL变为系统服务.


~ vi /etc/init/mysql.conf

description     "MySQL Server"
author          "Mario Limonciello "

start on runlevel [2345]
stop on starting rc RUNLEVEL=[016]

respawn
respawn limit 2 5

env HOME=/etc/mysql
umask 007

# The default of 5 seconds is too low for mysql which needs to flush buffers
kill timeout 300

pre-start script
    #Sanity checks
    [ -r $HOME/my.cnf ]
    [ -d /var/run/mysqld ] || install -m 755 -o mysql -g root -d /var/run/mysqld
    /lib/init/apparmor-profile-load usr.sbin.mysqld
    LC_ALL=C BLOCKSIZE= df --portability /var/lib/mysql/. | tail -n 1 | awk '{ exit ($4<4096) }'
end script

exec /usr/sbin/mysqld

post-start script
   for i in `seq 1 30` ; do
        /usr/bin/mysqladmin --defaults-file="${HOME}"/debian.cnf ping && {
            exec "${HOME}"/debian-start
            # should not reach this line
            exit 2
        }
        statusnow=`status`
        if echo $statusnow | grep -q 'stop/' ; then
            exit 0
        elif echo $statusnow | grep -q 'respawn/' ; then
            exit 1
        fi
        sleep 1
    done
    exit 1
end script

7. upstart封装ssh


~ vi /etc/init/ssh.conf

# ssh - OpenBSD Secure Shell server
#
# The OpenSSH server provides secure shell access to the system.

description     "OpenSSH server"

start on filesystem or runlevel [2345]
stop on runlevel [!2345]

respawn
respawn limit 10 5
umask 022

# 'sshd -D' leaks stderr and confuses things in conjunction with 'console log'
console none

pre-start script
    test -x /usr/sbin/sshd || { stop; exit 0; }
    test -e /etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run && { stop; exit 0; }
    test -c /dev/null || { stop; exit 0; }

    mkdir -p -m0755 /var/run/sshd
end script

# if you used to set SSHD_OPTS in /etc/default/ssh, you can change the
# 'exec' line here instead
exec /usr/sbin/sshd -D
转载请注明:http://blog.fens.me/linux-upstart/

你可能感兴趣的:(Linux系统)