总结与感悟
APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES OF DELIBERATE PRACTICE
DP的应用是有条件的，你学习的这个领域必须有已经高度发展的可传授的技能，然后你得有一个老师，他知道获得特定技能的最佳训练方法。
符合条件的领域很少，那么想在那些DP不严格适用的领域成为杰出人士应该怎么做？作者接下来就此给出了回答：
“you can still use the principles of deliberate practice as a guide to developing the most effective sort of practice possible in your area.”
作者以digit-memory training为例，对于想成为数字记忆大师的人来说，although they may lack teachers to design their practice sessions, they can learn from the best predecessors( the books or interviews，even the memory experts themselves.)
The basic blueprint for getting better in any pursuit: get as close to deliberate practice as you can.
How to get close？没有优秀的老师给你指导，那就自己来：
purposeful practice with a few extra steps:
1.identify the expert performers,
2. figure out what they do that makes them so good,
3. come up with training techniques that allow you to do it, too.”
How to determine who the experts are:
“use some objective measure to separate the best from the rest”
The best performers in an area with“rules-based, head-to-head competition or clear, objective measures of performance” are easy to identify，but others not.
作者用wine experts的例子告诉我们: 没有客观评价标准的某些领域，experts未必比其他人高明，“be careful when identifying expert performers.”
Just remember : subjective judgments are inherently vulnerable to all sorts of biases”就算没有客观标准，也要尽量避免主观影响判断，尽可能地贴近客观评判。
具体怎么做:
“think carefully about what characterizes good performance，
come up with ways to measure that, even if there must be a certain amount of subjectivity in your measurement.
look for those people who score highest in the areas you believe are key to superior performance.
the ideal is to find objective, reproducible measures that consistently distinguish the best from the rest, and if that ideal is not possible, approximate it as well as you can.”
下一步:
figure out specifically what they do that separates them from other, and what training methods helped them get there.
It's not easy, “part of the problem is the key role that mental representations play, and mental representations are not directly observable.”幸运的是，有时候你只需要找出experts的训练方法和其他人有什么不同。
照着你找到的方法练，有进步就继续，没有就停下，换一个方法接着练。但是最好的办法还是找一个可以帮助你的老师，事半功倍。
A knowledgeable instructor can lead you to develop a good foundation and then gradually build on that foundation to create the skills expected in that field and can give you valuable feedback you couldn't get any other way.
NO, THE TEN-THOUSAND-HOUR RULE ISN’T REALLY A RULE
一万小时定律是错误的，他不过是Gladwell根据Ericsson的研究结果进一步推断出来的，Ericsson给出了数个一万小时定律不成立的理由。但是有一点没错，那就是to become a master needs a tremendous amount of practice ，前面章节都讲过了，就不多说了。
这个所谓的一万小时你真的理解为一万小时就太天真了，它只是长时间大量练习的代名词，是你成为某个领域expert的必要不充分条件。
这章最后看得我有点激动，人类的潜能毕竟是无限的，我们在探索自我的同时也在成长。想想几十年前奥运会各项比赛，再看看现在的奥运会，以前的人一定想象不到人类已经突破了这么多次“极限”。
WORD AND EXPRESSION
But not to worry—even if your field is one in which deliberate practice
in the strictest sense
is not possible
in the strict sense 严格说来
»It wasn't illegal in the strict sense (of the word).
严格说来,这不算违法。
仿：He is not a teacher in the strictest sense.
it was clear to me that his method was similar to Steve’s in
spirit
but quite different—and much more carefully designed—in its details
spirit
[sing.] the typical or most important quality or mood of sth
• 本质；精髓；基本精神:
»The exhibition captures the spirit of the age / times.
这个展览会抓住了时代精神。
仿：He read the book with full attention to capture the spirit of it.
“This is a
latter-day
version of “the memory palace” that people havE usEd sIncE The timE OF the ancient Greeks TO rEmemBER LargE AMOunts of information.”
latter-day
adj. [only before noun]
• being a modern version of a person or thing in the past
• (旧时的人或物的)现代翻版的:
»a latter-day Robin Hood
当代的罗宾汉
The ship is the latter-day Noah.
“Feng is enlisting his long-term memory”
enlist
verb
1. ~ sth / sb (in sth) | ~ sb (as sth) to persuade sb to help you or to join you in doing sth
• 争取,谋取(帮助、支持或参与):
»They hoped to enlist the help of the public in solving the crime.
他们希望寻求公众协助破案。
仿:We enlisted the help of the consultant.
“In practice this often
boils down to
purposeful practice with a few extra steps”
If you say that a situation or problem boils down to a particular thing or can be boiled down to a particular thing, you mean that this is the most important or the most basic aspect of it.归结为
»For Malcolm work could always be boiled down to one idea: being good in business.
=amount to
仿:it simply boils down to a question of to be or not to be.