(一)定语从句中的省略现象
限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 that, which, whom 常可以省略; 当先行词是 time(次数), rea-son, place 时, 关系代词 that 和关系副词 why, where 也可以省去(详见定语从句和名词性从句专题)。
This is the first time(that)I've acted on the stage.
这是我第一次登台演出。
(二)状语从句中的省略现象
当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致, 且从句中含 be 动词时, 可以省略状语从句中的主语和 be 动词, 这时从句中可出现如下结构:
1. 时间状语从句中常见的省略现象
Don't speak until spoken to. 有人对你说话时你再说。
While in Beijing, I paid a visit to the Summer Palace.
在北京时, 我参观了颐和园。
I prefer my milk a little sweetened whenever possible.
只要有可能, 我喜欢牛奶甜点儿。
As a young man, Abraham Lincoln was a storekeeper and a postmaster. 亚伯拉罕·林肯年轻时当过零售店店主和邮政局长。
He often makes mistakes when speaking English.
说英语时他经常出错。
She always sings while doing her work.
她干活时总是唱歌。
2. 条件状语从句中常见的省略现象
Come tomorrow if possible.
如果可能的话, 就明天来吧。
If so, you must go back and get it.
如果这样的话, 你必须回去把它拿来。
I'll buy a TV set if necessary.
如有必要, 我就买一台电视机。
The girl never gave in unless wrong.
这个女孩不会屈服的, 除非她错了。
Unless repaired, the machine is of no use.
如果不被修理, 这台机器便毫无用处。
3. 方式状语从句中常见的省略现象
Some flowers shut up at night as if (they did this in order) to sleep.
有些花夜间收拢, 好像要睡觉一样。
She stood at the gate as if (she was) waiting for someone.
她站在门口好像在等人。
The woman teacher left the classroom silently as though (she was) angry. 这位女教师默默地离开教室, 好像生气了。
The inspector looked round, as if (he was) in search of something. 这位稽查员四处看了看, 好像在寻找什么。
4. 其他状语从句中的省略现象
Though cold, he still wore a shirt.
天气虽然冷, 但他仍然穿一件衬衫。
Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.
在空白处需要的地方填上冠词。
另外, 我们还可以用 so 或 not 代替上文内容, 此时可有“if + so/not”省略句式。
Get up early tomorrow. If not(= If you don't get up early), you will miss the first bus.
明天得早起。如果不早起, 你就赶不上首班车。
He may not be at home then. If so (=If he is not at home), leave him a note.
那时他可能不在家。如果不在家的话, 给他留个便条。
(三)不定式的省略
1. 单独使用不定式符号 to, 代替动词不定式后被省略的动词, 常用在 be afraid, expect, forget, hope, in-tend, like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish 等后面。
I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to.
我叫他去看电影, 但是他不想去。
2. 不定式符号to用在 have, need, ought, be going, used 等后面。
I didn't want to go there, but I had to.
我不想去那里, 但不得不去。
3. 不定式符号to用在某些形容词, 如 glad, happy, pleased, delighted 等后面。
—Will you join in the game?
—I'd be glad to.
——你愿意参加这个比赛吗?
——我愿意。
4. 否定形式的省略用not to。
—Shall I go instead of him?
—I prefer you not to.
——我可以代替他去吗?
——我宁可你不去。
5. 如果不定式中含有be, have, have been, 通常保留be, have和have been。
—Are you a sailor?
—No, but I used to be.
——你是水手吗?
——不是, 但我过去是。
—He hasn't finished yet.
—Well, he ought to have.
——他还没完成。
——哦, 他早该完成了。
题组训练 将下列句子中省略的部分补全
He was determined to carry out the plan, whatever the cost.
He was determined to carry out the plan, whatever the cost(was).
When split, an atom can release energy.
When (it is) split, an atom can release energy.
They were scolded whenever late for school.
They were scolded whenever (they were) late for school.
If not well organized, the meeting will be a failure.
If (it is) not well organized, the meeting will be a failure.