之前写过一篇关于网络请求相关的文章,主要关于一些网络基础.这篇则重点讲一讲Android下httpUrlConnect的内容。
相关链接
浅谈Android网络通信的前世今生--网络基础
Android下的Http client
Android提供了三种Http client:
- HttpURLConnection
- Apache HttpClient
- okHttp
HttpURLConnection
HttpUrlConnection是JDK里提供的联网API,我们知道Android SDK是基于Java的,所以当然优先考虑HttpUrlConnection这种最原始最基本的API,其实大多数开源的联网框架基本上也是基于JDK的HttpUrlConnection进行的封装罢了
HttpClient(不建议使用)
HttpClient是开源组织Apache提供的Java请求网络框架,其最早是为了方便Java服务器开发而诞生的,是对JDK中的HttpUrlConnection各API进行了封装和简化,提高了性能并且降低了调用API的繁琐,不过官方已经不建议使用。
okhttp
OKHttp是现在主流应用使用的网络请求方式, 用来交换数据和内容, 有效的使用OKHttp可以使你的APP变的更快和减少流量的使用。
- 支持SPDY,可以合并多个到同一个主机的请求
- 使用连接池技术减少请求的延迟(如果SPDY是可用的话)
- 使用GZIP压缩减少传输的数据量
- 缓存响应避免重复的网络请求
当你的网络出现拥挤的时候,就是OKHttp大显身手的时候,它可以避免常见的网络问题,如果你的服务是部署在不同的IP上面的,如果第一个连接失败,OkHTtp会尝试其他的连接。这对现在IPv4+IPv6中常见的把服务冗余部署在不同的数据中心上也是很有必要的。OkHttp将使用现在TLS特性(SNI ALPN)来初始化新的连接,如果握手失败,将切换到TLS 1.0。
目前使用率最高的当属okHttp,不过我们这篇文章还是要先讲讲Android下网络请求的先辈 HttpUrlConnect
,本文基于Android API26
简单使用
URL url=new URL("www.baidu.com");
HttpURLConnection conn= (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
InputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(conn.getInputStream());
其中关键的两个过程
1.openConnection() 建立tcp连接
2.getInputSteam() 发送http请求,并获取返回流
openConnection()
URL.java
public URLConnection openConnection() throws java.io.IOException {
return handler.openConnection(this);
}
其中 handler是URLStreamHandler的实例,handler的创建是在URL的构造函数中,其中调用了getURLStreamHandler()
方法、
static URLStreamHandler getURLStreamHandler(String protocol) {
URLStreamHandler handler = handlers.get(protocol);
if (handler == null) {
boolean checkedWithFactory = false;
// Use the factory (if any)
if (factory != null) {
handler = factory.createURLStreamHandler(protocol);
checkedWithFactory = true;
}
// Try java protocol handler
if (handler == null) {
final String packagePrefixList = System.getProperty(protocolPathProp,"");
StringTokenizer packagePrefixIter = new StringTokenizer(packagePrefixList, "|");
while (handler == null &&
packagePrefixIter.hasMoreTokens()) {
String packagePrefix = packagePrefixIter.nextToken().trim();
try {
String clsName = packagePrefix + "." + protocol +
".Handler";
Class> cls = null;
try {
ClassLoader cl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
cls = Class.forName(clsName, true, cl);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
ClassLoader contextLoader = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
if (contextLoader != null) {
cls = Class.forName(clsName, true, contextLoader);
}
}
if (cls != null) {
handler =
(URLStreamHandler)cls.newInstance();
}
} catch (ReflectiveOperationException ignored) {
}
}
}
// Fallback to built-in stream handler.
// Makes okhttp the default http/https handler
if (handler == null) {
try {
// BEGIN Android-changed
// Use of okhttp for http and https
// Removed unnecessary use of reflection for sun classes
if (protocol.equals("file")) {
handler = new sun.net.www.protocol.file.Handler();
} else if (protocol.equals("ftp")) {
handler = new sun.net.www.protocol.ftp.Handler();
} else if (protocol.equals("jar")) {
handler = new sun.net.www.protocol.jar.Handler();
} else if (protocol.equals("http")) {
handler = (URLStreamHandler)Class.
forName("com.android.okhttp.HttpHandler").newInstance();
} else if (protocol.equals("https")) {
handler = (URLStreamHandler)Class.
forName("com.android.okhttp.HttpsHandler").newInstance();
}
// END Android-changed
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new AssertionError(e);
}
}
synchronized (streamHandlerLock) {
URLStreamHandler handler2 = null;
// Check again with hashtable just in case another
// thread created a handler since we last checked
handler2 = handlers.get(protocol);
if (handler2 != null) {
return handler2;
}
// Check with factory if another thread set a
// factory since our last check
if (!checkedWithFactory && factory != null) {
handler2 = factory.createURLStreamHandler(protocol);
}
if (handler2 != null) {
// The handler from the factory must be given more
// importance. Discard the default handler that
// this thread created.
handler = handler2;
}
// Insert this handler into the hashtable
if (handler != null) {
handlers.put(protocol, handler);
}
}
}
return handler;
}
从handlers中取
如果URLStreamHandlerFactory不为空.让URLStreamHandlerFactory生成
-
根据协议
protocol
生成,注意老版本中http和https
用的是streamHandler = new HttpHandler();
streamHandler = new HttpsHandler();
后来的版本用的是,底层换成了okhttp的类
handler = (URLStreamHandler)Class.forName("com.android.okhttp.HttpHandler").newInstance();
handler = (URLStreamHandler)Class.forName("com.android.okhttp.HttpsHandler").newInstance();
最后还有个并发检查,避免因为多线程的原因导致生成多个handler
实例
synchronized (streamHandlerLock) {
URLStreamHandler handler2 = null;
// Check again with hashtable just in case another
// thread created a handler since we last checked
handler2 = handlers.get(protocol);
if (handler2 != null) {
return handler2;
}
// Check with factory if another thread set a
// factory since our last check
if (!checkedWithFactory && factory != null) {
handler2 = factory.createURLStreamHandler(protocol);
}
if (handler2 != null) {
// The handler from the factory must be given more
// importance. Discard the default handler that
// this thread created.
handler = handler2;
}
// Insert this handler into the hashtable
if (handler != null) {
handlers.put(protocol, handler);
}
}
URLStreamHandler是一个抽象类,子类包括http,https,ftp等实现类,这里我们只看http的实现类
protected URLConnection openConnection(URL var1) throws IOException {
return this.openConnection(var1, (Proxy)null);
}
protected URLConnection openConnection(URL var1, Proxy var2) throws IOException {
return new HttpURLConnection(var1, var2, this);
}
这里会生成一个HttpUrlConnection()对象,注意这里的HttpUrlConnection()对象和最开始的HttpUrlConnection()对象不是一个,包名不同,一个是sun公司的包,一个是谷歌官方的包。
sun/HttpURLConnection.java
protected HttpURLConnection(URL var1, Proxy var2, Handler var3) {
super(var1);
....
if(this.instProxy instanceof ApplicationProxy) {
try {
this.cookieHandler = CookieHandler.getDefault();
} catch (SecurityException var5) {
;
}
} else {
this.cookieHandler = (CookieHandler)AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction() {
public CookieHandler run() {
return CookieHandler.getDefault();
}
});
}
this.cacheHandler = (ResponseCache)AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction() {
public ResponseCache run() {
return ResponseCache.getDefault();
}
});
}
去掉部分不重要的代码之后,剩下的代码貌似都在获取缓存值。没有进行正常的网络连接。
此时猜测 API26的HttpUrlConnection的网络请求发生在 getInputStream()
中,而 openConnection()
是为获取上次请求的缓存状态
getInputStream()
URLConnection.java中
public InputStream getInputStream() throws IOException {
throw new UnknownServiceException("protocol doesn't support input");
}
同样URLConnection
是个抽象类,跳到对应的HttpUrlConnection.java类中
public synchronized InputStream getInputStream() throws IOException {
this.connecting = true;
SocketPermission var1 = this.URLtoSocketPermission(this.url);
if(var1 != null) {
try {
return (InputStream)AccessController.doPrivilegedWithCombiner(new PrivilegedExceptionAction() {
public InputStream run() throws IOException {
return HttpURLConnection.this.getInputStream0();
}
}, (AccessControlContext)null, new Permission[]{var1});
} catch (PrivilegedActionException var3) {
throw (IOException)var3.getException();
}
} else {
return this.getInputStream0();
}
}
一系列处理最后都会跳转到getInputStream0()
函数内
getInputStream0()函数中的代码过多,就不贴出来了。来大概讲下流程
//判断是否有缓存,有的话直接返回
if(this.inputStream != null) {
return this.inputStream;
}
//是否正在进行输入输出字符流的行为,如果有的判断输出流,因为这时网络连接还未建立,所以只可能是输出流到缓存
if(this.streaming()) {
if(this.strOutputStream == null) {
this.getOutputStream();
}
this.strOutputStream.close();
if(!this.strOutputStream.writtenOK()) {
throw new IOException("Incomplete output stream");
}
}
同样 getOutputStream 会跳到getOutputStream0()中
getOutputStream()
//会对URL做一次校验,主要针对host,header,protocol和authority等
SocketPermission var1 = this.URLtoSocketPermission(this.url);
getOutputStream0()
//有写流的行为的话,就一定是POST请求,因为GET请求不需要请求体
//所以强制修改method为POST
if(this.method.equals("GET")) {
this.method = "POST";
}
//检查是否有可用的链接,没有则进行重新链接
if(!this.checkReuseConnection()) {
this.connect();
}
checkReuseConnection()
//先检查connected,再检查reuseClient,说明reuseClient是connect的基础连接
private boolean checkReuseConnection() {
if(this.connected) {
return true;
} else if(this.reuseClient != null) {
this.http = this.reuseClient;
this.http.setReadTimeout(this.getReadTimeout());
this.http.reuse = false;
this.reuseClient = null;
this.connected = true;
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
回到getOutputStream0()
//添加请求部分
if(this.streaming() && this.strOutputStream == null) {
this.writeRequests();
}
接下来回到主流程 connect()部分会调用 plainConnect0()
方法
有缓存拿缓存,缓存信息完整的话就不需要重新进行网络连接了
if(this.cacheHandler != null && this.getUseCaches()) {
try {
//对url做一次处理,兼容一些缺少/等情况的url
URI var1 = ParseUtil.toURI(this.url);
if(var1 != null) {
this.cachedResponse = this.cacheHandler.get(var1, this.getRequestMethod(), this.getUserSetHeaders().getHeaders());
if("https".equalsIgnoreCase(var1.getScheme()) && !(this.cachedResponse instanceof SecureCacheResponse)) {
this.cachedResponse = null;
}
if(logger.isLoggable(Level.FINEST)) {
logger.finest("Cache Request for " + var1 + " / " + this.getRequestMethod());
logger.finest("From cache: " + (this.cachedResponse != null?this.cachedResponse.toString():"null"));
}
if(this.cachedResponse != null) {
this.cachedHeaders = this.mapToMessageHeader(this.cachedResponse.getHeaders());
this.cachedInputStream = this.cachedResponse.getBody();
}
}
} catch (IOException var6) {
;
}
if(this.cachedHeaders != null && this.cachedInputStream != null) {
this.connected = true;
return;
}
this.cachedResponse = null;
}
没有连接缓存的话
//第一次连接还是再次连接对应的方法不一样
if(!this.failedOnce) {
this.http = this.getNewHttpClient(this.url, (Proxy)null, this.connectTimeout);
this.http.setReadTimeout(this.readTimeout);
} else {
this.http = this.getNewHttpClient(this.url, (Proxy)null, this.connectTimeout, false);
this.http.setReadTimeout(this.readTimeout);
}
不管是否是第一次连接都会生成一个HttpClient对象,而这个对象才是连接网络的主要成员。其中变量var3表示是否是第一次发起连接,如果是,并且httpClient对象var5是有缓存的,这时需要做一些缓存清理,变量重置的操作。因为需要重新开启一个新的连接,需要先把老的连接清理掉
public static HttpClient New(URL var0, Proxy var1, int var2, boolean var3, HttpURLConnection var4) throws IOException {
if(var1 == null) {
var1 = Proxy.NO_PROXY;
}
HttpClient var5 = null;
if(var3) {
var5 = kac.get(var0, (Object)null);
if(var5 != null && var4 != null && var4.streaming() && var4.getRequestMethod() == "POST" && !var5.available()) {
var5.inCache = false;
var5.closeServer();
var5 = null;
}
if(var5 != null) {
if(var5.proxy != null && var5.proxy.equals(var1) || var5.proxy == null && var1 == null) {
synchronized(var5) {
var5.cachedHttpClient = true;
assert var5.inCache;
var5.inCache = false;
if(var4 != null && var5.needsTunneling()) {
var4.setTunnelState(TunnelState.TUNNELING);
}
logFinest("KeepAlive stream retrieved from the cache, " + var5);
}
} else {
synchronized(var5) {
var5.inCache = false;
var5.closeServer();
}
var5 = null;
}
}
}
//生成HttpClient对象,进行网络连接
if(var5 == null) {
var5 = new HttpClient(var0, var1, var2);
} else {
SecurityManager var6 = System.getSecurityManager();
if(var6 != null) {
if(var5.proxy != Proxy.NO_PROXY && var5.proxy != null) {
var6.checkConnect(var0.getHost(), var0.getPort());
} else {
var6.checkConnect(InetAddress.getByName(var0.getHost()).getHostAddress(), var0.getPort());
}
}
var5.url = var0;
}
return var5;
}
**HttpClient.java **
protected HttpClient(URL var1, Proxy var2, int var3) throws IOException {
this.cachedHttpClient = false;
this.poster = null;
this.failedOnce = false;
this.ignoreContinue = true;
this.usingProxy = false;
this.keepingAlive = false;
this.keepAliveConnections = -1;
this.keepAliveTimeout = 0;
this.cacheRequest = null;
this.reuse = false;
this.capture = null;
this.proxy = var2 == null?Proxy.NO_PROXY:var2;
this.host = var1.getHost();
this.url = var1;
this.port = var1.getPort();
if(this.port == -1) {
this.port = this.getDefaultPort();
}
this.setConnectTimeout(var3);
this.capture = HttpCapture.getCapture(var1);
//开启连接服务
this.openServer();
}
openServer()函数内调用 openServer(this.host, this.port);
传入host和port开启 serverSocket.setTcpNoDelay(true);服务
网络连接成功,http请求参数也已经设置成功,接下来只等待网络回调把数据流写会缓存即可。
补充说明
- HttpURLConnection的connect()函数,实际上只是建立了一个与服务器的tcp连接,并没有实际发送http请求。 无论是post还是get,http请求实际上直到HttpURLConnection的getInputStream()这个函数里面才正式发送出去。
- 在用POST方式发送URL请求时,URL请求参数的设定顺序是重中之重, 对connection对象的一切配置(那一堆set函数) 都必须要在connect()函数执行之前完成。而对outputStream的写操作,又必须要在inputStream的读操作之前。 这些顺序实际上是由http请求的格式决定的。
- http请求实际上由两部分组成, 一个是http头,所有关于此次http请求的配置都在http头里面定义, 一个是正文content。 connect()函数会根据HttpURLConnection对象的配置值生成http头部信息,因此在调用connect函数之前, 就必须把所有的配置准备好。
- 在http头后面紧跟着的是http请求的正文,正文的内容是通过outputStream流写入的,实际上outputStream不是一个网络流,充其量是个字符串流,往里面写入的东西不会立即发送到网络, 而是存在于内存缓冲区中,待outputStream流关闭时,根据输入的内容生成http正文。 至此,http请求的东西已经全部准备就绪。在getInputStream()函数调用的时候,就会把准备好的http请求 正式发送到服务器了,然后返回一个输入流,用于读取服务器对于此次http请求的返回信息。由于http 请求在getInputStream的时候已经发送出去了(包括http头和正文),因此在getInputStream()函数 之后对connection对象进行设置(对http头的信息进行修改)或者写入outputStream(对正文进行修改) 都是没有意义的了,执行这些操作会导致异常的发生。
参考文章
Android-浅析-HttpURLConnection
网络请求HttpURLConnection剖析
Android每周一轮子:HttpURLConnection
另外
个人的github
闲暇之余写的故事