——《沉默的羔羊》之女性主义（吉玛撰）
Abstract
Thomas Harris is a contemporary American screenwriter, novelist and playwright, who well-known for his series of suspense novels. Although he has only published 5 novels, but he has become the recognized master of the suspense and his series of novels has caught the attention of readers. What’s more, all his novels were made into the movies with the same names, including The Silence of the Lambs, which has become the third movie that achieved the four main awards in the history.
His very diverse experiences provided him with valuable insights into the world of crime which also led to the writing of his first novel. The Silence of the Lambs was firstly published in 1988, which was the sequel to Harris’ novel Red Dragon published in 1981. In the both novels, the impact of the image of Hannibal who is a cannibalistic serial killer on the readers is powerful and impressive. The Silence of the Lambs is a fictional look at the contest between Starling and Hannibal, so people usually classify The Silence of the Lambs as the novel of thrill and suspense. But in fact, the consciousness of the feminism goes through the novel. Therefore, the analysis of The Silence of the Lambs from the perspective of feminism is academically significant.
This thesis attempts to adopt the research methods of exemplification, deduction and quotations, to introduce the author, background and content of The Silence of the Lambs and feminism. And it investigates the research of the novel has been made in the west and China in the past. Finally, the paper analyzes the main characters in the novel, including their personality, characteristic, mentality and so on. And it expresses the reflection of the feminism in the roles of the novel by the research methods of setting the example and demonstrating. Except that it makes a conclusion about the research of this thesis.
This thesis aims at the feminist interpretation of the novel through the study of the roles in the novel in details. On the basis of the textual analysis of the novel The Silence of the Lambs, it is a brand-new perspective to interpret texts based on the theory of feminism. The knowledge of feminism would make a contribution to studying The Silence of the Lambs in a new perspective and make readers acquire much more knowledge of the novel on the basis of the original understanding.
Introduction
Introduction to Thomas Harris
Thomas Harris is a modern-day American screenwriter, novelist and playwright, who well-known for his series of suspense novels. He was born in Jackson, Tennessee in 1940, but he made a move to Rish, Mississippi with his family when he was very young. During his childhood, he was unwilling to associate with others, but he gradually became talkative while he was a high school student. He lived a life in Rish for a long time, and then he went to Baylor University in Waco, Texas where he became an English major and successfully graduated from the university in 1964. In the course of his college life, Harris also worked as a newspaper reporter in a local newspaper that was covering police beat. During that time he met and married Harriet, a fellow student, and they had one daughter named Anne, but finally they divorced in the 1960s. Then he started a job working as an editor for the Associated Press in New York City until he turned to write his first novel in 1974. Thomas Harris is a person whose life rarely known by people as he has not given an interview since 1976. So it is difficult to find much more information about his life.
His very diverse experiences provided him with valuable insights into the world of crime which also led to the writing of his first novel. His first novel entitled Black Sunday was published in 1975, which immediately achieved a bestseller at that time. And in 1977, this novel was adapted by John Frank Hammer as the film of the same name which was popular around the world. After that he devoted himself full-time to writing fiction. His second novel was Hannibal Rising, and Red Dragon was published six years later. The Silence of the Lambs completed in 1988，[1]and Hannibal in 1999. Those works were once the bestsellers all over the world and have all been adapted into movies, and The Silence of the Lambs won the most remarkable Academy Award. Therefore, Thomas Harris was regarded as a thriller novelist as he created the most well-known character--Hannibal Lecter, in a series of suspense novels. [2] Garber said “Harris’ book manifests its cultural anxiety through a kind of baroque bravado of plot,” and called the book “a fable of gender dysphoria gone spectacularly awry.”[3]
Introduction to The Silence of the Lambs
“The Silence of the Lambs” book series written by Thomas Harris, which includes four parts: Hannibal Rising, Red Dragon, The Silence of the Lambs, and Hannibal. The Silence of the Lambs is the most classic one, which is the third part of this series of novels. Once The Silence of the Lambs was published in 1988, it became topped in New York Times and Publishers Weekly’ list of the best novels, and it has won a place in this two newspapers for ten weeks. In 1991, The Silence of the Lambs was adapted into the movie of same name, which had a great vogue. What’s more, the movie of the book achieved a lot of awards, including five Oscar Golden Statuettes, which made the movie become the third movie that achieves the four main awards in the history. Except that the movie also gained the Golden Bear at the Berlin Film Festival, the award for best motion picture at the United States Golden Globe and so on. In a word, no matter whether the book or the movie of the same name, The Silence of the Lambs has the fantastic existence value in the culture.
The Silence of the Lambs is a novel discussing and probing in American social criminal issues. Clarice Starling, a trainee of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who was a beauty. One morning, when Starling trained, she was summoned by Jack Crawford who was the head of the FBI. Crawford gave Starling an assignment to investigate the psychological profiles of the serial killer, which could give a help for FBI to solve a recent case .In this case, a crazed killer whose name is Buffalo Bill. He kidnapped young women, killed and striped off their skin to make a coat as his new skin. There were five women have been killed by him at that time.
So Starling went to visit a cannibal Hannibal Lecter who also was a brilliant psychiatrist. He was acquainted with Buffalo Bill, so Jack Crawford hoped that Hannibal would give a comprehensive analysis of Buffalo Bill. During the investigation, Starling and Hannibal established a subtle relationship. Starling expected Hannibal could give her the information about Bill, but Hannibal hoped Starling could talk about herself. In order to obtain the information, Starling told Hannibal about her experiences and his painful memories. After hearing Starling’s past experiences, Hannibal gave Starling some useful information about Buffalo Bill. Soon, the police found the sixth victim in West Virginia. At that time, Starling has gained two clues from the examination of a dead body and investigation. In the first place, she found a moth pupa in the victim’s throat, and as Hannibal predicted the skin covering of the woman’s head has been taken away. In the second place, diamond-shaped patches of skin have been peeled off the victim’s shoulder. In addition, as the autopsy reports showed, Hannibal’s judgment is right, so Starling believed that Hannibal would offer the profile of Bill. With the help of the experts and Hannibal’s instruction and prediction, she acknowledged the way Bill usually did to his victim. But Crawford demanded that Starling should make every effort to rescue the victim Catherine because Bill might kill her in three days.
At the end of the story, Hannibal escaped by killing and eating his guards, using one of their faces as a mask to fool paramedics and got rid of the prison. At the same time, Starling just continued searching for Buffalo Bill. She at last accomplished the task assigned by Crawford. With her persistence and efforts, she succeeded in killing Bill and rescuing Catherine from the well as well. With the successful rescue, she finally became a full-fledged FBI agent. At the celebration party, she received a congratulatory telegram from Hannibal who was looking forward that Starling could get rid of her painful childhood and her nightmare.
Brief Introduction to Feminism
“Feminism is a range of movements and ideologies that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve equal political, economic, cultural, personal, and social rights for women.”[4][5] This includes seeking to establish equal opportunities for women in education and employment. A feminist advocates or supports the rights and equality of women. [6] Feminist theory is a multitude of things. Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical or philosophical field, including anthropology, sociology, economics, women’ s studies, literary criticism, art, history, psychoanalysis and philosophy and so on. Feminist theory hammers at understanding gender inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations and sexuality. But there is a basic premise in all of the feminist theory, which is that women around the world are in an oppressive and discriminatory level. But that is to say, in a final analysis, Feminist theory means mankind should realize the equality between men and women.
The feminist movement attracted an increasing number of Scholars paid more attention to the feminist literature and created new interest in women’ writing. “It also prompted a general reevaluation of women’ historical and academic contributions in response to the belief that women’ lives and contributions have been underrepresented as areas of scholarly interest.”[7]It shaped a general reevaluation of women’ academic contributions which correspond to the belief that women’ lives and contributions have been approved by some of scholar. In the field of literary criticism, Elaine Showalter described the development of feminist theory as having three phases. The first she called “feminist critique”, in which the feminist reader examines the ideologies behind literary phenomena. The second Showalter called “gynocriticism”, in which the “woman is producer of textual meaning”. The last phase she called “gender theory”, in which the “ideological inscription and the literary effects of the sex or gender system are explored”. [8] What’s more, recently, feminist theory also is regarded as the critical method of literature. The work of Julia Kristeva, a feminist psychoanalyst and philosopher, and Bracha Ettinger, artist and psychoanalyst, has influenced feminist theory in general and feminist literary criticism in particular. “The novel concerned with feminism has become a stage of the development of the feminism. The construction and development of the novel of feminism play a significant role in the social practice.”[9]
Motivations and Objective
The Silence of the Lambs has been regarded as the most classic work of Thomas Harris’ works. In other words, The Silence of the Lambs is a masterpiece of psychology and thrill in the 20th century. What’s more, the novel was adapted to film and had a high reputation in the American society at that time. Recently, there is an increasingly number of people was interested in this novel. So The Silence of Lambs caught the attention of the scholars from all over the world, and this novel has been analyzed by scholars in various perspectives. So far, according to the research of the author of this paper, there are a larger number of comments, sixteen related papers about the novel and there are four translated versions in Chinese.
In the history of American literature, The Silence of the Lambs was the thriller with suspense and bloody whose influence made itself was widely popular. From the data of the Wikipedia, in the west, there are several journal papers and scholars’ simple comments about The Silence of the Lambs. Firstly, the influence of childhood trauma in personality became a research topic of this novel. In this novel the three main roles were struggled with the trauma in their childhood, which must leave its mark on their life and have a significant influence on their personality, but they just accepted the trauma as the fundamental fact in their life. [10] Except that, the analysis of the self-consciousness in Clarice Starling was also popular among the scholars. The plot development of The Silence of the Lambs always revolved around the female leader--Starling. The proceeding of the novel also reflected the rising of the self-consciousness of Starling, just as Hannibal said if Starling recovery “the lambs will stop screaming”. What’s more, American also studied the other aspects about the novel. For instance, Gregoy Bettina explored the reason why Hannibal was compelled to kill and eat the body parts of victims by using the theories of Melanie. Or they analyze Hannibal’s action and mental world through his consciousness, just like Freud Sigmund said “the essence of spirit is the subconscious”[11]
The novel The Silence of the Lambs was first translated into Chinese by Yu linjiu, and the Chinese version was published by the Quengzhong Press in 1993. Naturally, The Silence of the Lambs was well-known by Chinese. From what has been acknowledged about the novel through the Internet, what we would get a general knowledge as following. At first, there are large number scholar studied the psychopathology of the roles in this novel, such as Hannibal Lecter, the fictional and cannibal killer, Clarice Starling and so on. Just set Bill as example, Bill is a killer, or we can say is a crime. But why he killed these victims? In the judicial work, when we meet a criminal case, we must talk about the criminal motivation. So in this novel, Bill didn’t just kill victim without reason. So there is a no doubt that the analysis of Bill’ mentality is reasonable. Moreover, there are some comments of The Silence of the Lambs from the perspective of personality. For example, Feng Wei who comes from Shenyang Aeronautic Polytechnic made an analysis of the psychiatrist Frederick Chilton, saying that some antiheroes play an important role in the history of western crime literature. In addition, there are different aspects to analyze this novel, such as the characteristic, distinguish between novel and movies and so on.
From what has been mentioned above about the research reviews, we know that many scholars at home and abroad have discussed the novel in a variety of perspectives. Some scholar studied the psychology, personality, characteristic of the roles in the novel. Others analyzed the novel from the perspective of the influence of the novel and movie. However, few have researched The Silence of the Lambs by analyzing of The Silence of the Lambs from the perspective of feminism. Therefore, this thesis mainly adopts the feminism theory to analyze this novel in view of offering a new angle for the research of the novel. This thesis will carry out the research on the starting point of the introduction to The Silence of the Lambs and feminism, with the purpose of finding the connection of them. Then it makes a introduction and analyzes the roles I select to study in the novel. At last, I will analyze the roles of the novel in the perspective of the Feminism.
The main research methods of this thesis will be documentary research, descriptive case study, and quotations as well as the research methods of setting the example, demonstrating to support my opinion of the thesis. To the start, through setting examples and description, the thesis presents a brief introduction to The Silence of the Lambs and the feminism. And then, through quotation, the thesis will give a brief account of the research studied by the scholars at home and abroad in their books and essays and introduce the topic of the thesis. Thirdly, by using the examples, give the supports to the analysis of The Silence of the Lambs in the perspective of feminism before through the documentary research and the summary.
As one of the important factors of the social progress, feminism plays an increasingly significant role in the development and innovation of a country. Just like Jin Zhuo said “female is a group of the whole society which different from male but inseparable to male.” The feminist movement has effected the changes of Western society, including women’s suffrage; greater access to education; more nearly equitable pay with men; the right to initiate divorce proceedings; the right of women to make individual decisions regarding pregnancy (including access to contraceptives and abortion); and the right to own property. [12] What’s more, The Silence of the Lambs is a symbol of the statue of the western society. So, we can combine the feminism and The Silence of the Lambs to find the relation between them. Moreover, the knowledge of feminism would make a contribution to studying The Silence of the Lambs in a new perspective and make readers can acquire much more knowledge of the novel on the basis of the original understanding. Therefore, developing the studies of The Silence of the Lambs from the perspective of feminism is quite necessary.
Feminist Interpretation of The Silence of the Lambs
This thesis aims at the studying of The Silence of the Lambs in the perspective of feminism. And there are several roles can reflect the feminism in this novel. So this thesis will study the feminism in this novel by analyzing the main roles in this novel, including their personality, characteristic, experiences and mentality and so on.
Female leader -- Clarice Starling
Clarice Starling, a trainee of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who was a beauty. She was a woman who looked strong but the heart was weak. She tried to bury her fears by appearing to be strong, confident and courageous. Starling had a painful memory of her father’s death and a miserable childhood. When she was a child, her father was shot by a robbery, which made him die a month after hurt. Starling cannot help but just to face the fact that her father would be disappear forever. Her farther’ death made her felt helpless and self-accusation.
After her father’s death, her mother had a lot of difficulties in bringing up three children. Therefore, Starling was sent to her aunt’s home where a ranch is. And there were a large group of sheep and horses that were crippled and blind on the ranch. One morning, she heard the screaming sound of the lambs nearby when the slaughter killed sheep and horses. Starling went to the sheepfold and saw this miserable scene, which enhanced Starling made a decision to made effort to save a lamb named “Hannah”. However, finally she didn’t save the lamb Hannah. From that time on, she always disturbed by the nightmare. Starling said: “I wake up and heard the lambs screaming. I woke up in the dark and the lambs were screaming”. (265)
Her father’s death and the kill of the lamb made Starling thought that she should make herself so strong that she had the ability to protect what she caring about. In her heart and soul, she always had the sense of pain, the sense of guilt, self-abased, and self-blame and disappointment. So when she took part in the case of the Bill, she made her every effort to save the victim. Only in this way, can she get rid of her guilty and her trauma.
In the novel, we can see the combination of male strength and female power from Starling. As a whole, she was a unity of the dual genders. She had the unique femininity and male character and morality. Her existence underlines the feminism in the novel.
Firstly, we can see the feminism in the perspective of her appearance. As a woman, Starling was a beauty. There was no description of her appearance in detail in the novel, but her appearance had others’ pride to foil her beauty. Just as Chilton said “We’ve had a lot of detective here, but I can’t remember one so attractive.” （9）What’s more, Starling understood the fashion and pursued the beauty. Although Starling was a woman with a traditional beautiful appearance, she didn’t just treat herself as a traditional woman. In the traditional concept, the beautiful women would not resist. But as a beauty, she also had the ability to resist. In this point, Starling was different from to other women and she broke the traditional notion, which means her feminist consciousness is awaking. Secondly, Starling’ social state also reflected the feminism in her. In the formal literature works, women were the role to be protected or to be saved. What’s more, in general, ‘secret service’ always be related to adventure, heroic and masculinity and so on, which always be independent of male. But in the novel, Starling accepted this role and was responsible to her duties. Starling as the image of the savior, she was a searcher and actor and finally defeated the Bill and save the victim. [13] She could just do what others think only man can do. She placed herself at the same state as male.
Starling was a character for who had a deep influence on the progress of feminism. Although she was a poor, she also made her every efforts to be the excellent student to pass the exam of the FBI and accomplished her assignment. In the novel, “lambs” is a symbol of the feminism that is the “weak” part of the society, and Starling was defined as a member of this part. However, as a member of the weak part, Starling exerted herself to enable the vulnerable groups formidable. In her thought world, male and female have the same state, ability and responsibility. No matter what you are, male or female, only you can do the thing successfully, you deserve the respect. A woman can do what a man can do. What’ more, in the modern society, there was not exact partition between women and men. Both parts should be in harmony and unit that they can give full play to the role.
Buffalo Bill
Buffalo Bill, a crazed abnormal killer, was a symbol of evil. He kidnapped young women, killed and skinned them so that he could use their skins to make a coat to be his new skin. But he was not born for criminal, or we can say there is no one who born for killing others. “The cause for Buffalo Bill’s extreme violence against women lies not in his gender confusion or his sexual orientation but in his humanist presumption that his sex and his gender and his orientation must all match-up to a mythic norm of white heterosexual masculinity.” [14] Bill suffered from so much pain which had scarred him for life. During his adulthood, he couldn’t feel the love of his parents. What’s worse, his stepmother always abused him, which made him lost credit with women and he thought the stepmothers have authority, and he wanted to be a female. So Bill was eager to make a transsexual operation, but his request was rejected by all the doctors in three times. Even though he couldn’t be a woman, he often dressed the male’s decoration, and often treated himself as woman and modified the action as woman to entice the male. Because he couldn’t to be a female, so he killed the beautiful girls and skin them, which made him feel excited. In other words, we can say that the behavior of Bill is his revenge of the female and the society.
Bill, in some way, is the gender-switched Starling who had a lonely childhood and a hurt heart as Starling. But he didn’t like Starling facing the pass sadness and got rid of the trauma; he just became more and more worried and sad due to the disapproval of others. And finally had an extremely way to get them off his chest and made him disorder the acknowledgment of the sex, which made him was eager to transform from male to female and to gain a state of woman. In many countries transsexual still encountered serious discrimination and were victimized by unreformed, unfair civil laws at that time. His abnormal male-to-female transsexual was not only anti-social or to fight against the traditional idea of the sex, which also a reflection of feminism. His strong eager to be transsexual broke the rules of female as the secondary sex and the discrimination of female. Barbara Creed, writing in Screening the Male: Exploring Masculinity in the Hollywood Cinema, said that Buffalo Bill waned to be a female“presumably because he sees femininity as a more desirable state, possibly a superior one”. For Buffalo Bill, the woman is “a totem animal”. Not only did he want to wear women’ skin, he wanted to be a female; he dressed in women’ clothes and tucked his penis behind his legs to appear female. Creed wrote, “To experience a rebirth as woman, Buffalo Bill must wear the skin of woman not just to experience a physical transformation but also to acquire the power of transformation associated with woman’s ability to give birth.” Buffalo Bill wore the skin of his totem animal to assume its power. [15] And it shows that the male and female have their own advantages people pursuit. In other words, the class of the female is equal to that of male.
Senator—Martin and Her Daughter
Martin was a senator, also was a capable female. And she cared about others’ opinion about her. She hoped others can affirm her job. So she made constant efforts to her job and never stopped making progress. But, just as Hannibal said that she is a woman who is really aggressive. “How is Senator Martin?” “Gamed but hurting. She’ s a smart, tough woman with a lot of sense, Starling. You’d probably like her”. (152) What’s more, Martin was a female with a kind of good organizational skill and dealing with affairs not surprised contingency dint. For instance, when her daughter was kidnapped by Bill, she didn’t like other mothers might be collapsed, and she just still kept herself stay calm and took part in investigating the case to save her daughter. In contrast, as the daughter of senator, Catherine is a girl who loss her personality and always obsequious. When she was kidnapped by murder Bill, she never did anything to escape and just aimless hoped her mother can save her. Under the protection of her mother, Catherine submitted to her mother’s world outlook and values which gave her an incorrect concept that her mother was a omnipotent woman and she could reply on her mother to do everything.
Female senator of the novel is another manifestation of feminism. As a woman, she had succeeded. Senator was a woman who dressed the formal clothes and she became a government official and worked with other males, which means she wanted to be treated as a man at the equal state. In addition, her hardcore style in work made her had the masculinity as male. She had the individuality eager to excel males which made her become the core of her daughter. She thought she could do whatever a man can do. But when Dr. Lecter asked her about the question of the pregnancies and breastfeeding embarrassed her on purpose, senator felt distinguished with his question and his question just against her action. Dr. Lecter’ eyes focused on her. “That’s flag smells like cigar,” he said. “Did you nurse Catherine?” “Pardon me? Did I ...” “Did you breast-feed her?” “Yes.” “Thirsty work, isn’t it...?” When her pupils darkened, Dr. Lecter looked a single sip of her pain and found it exquisite. (229) and her reaction of Dr. Lecter’ question is a reflection of the feminism. She was eager to be a male, and she pursuit to be treat as a male because she can be do everything better than men.
As the daughter of congresswoman, Catherine grew up under the strength of the mother, without too much ego. In other words, the protection of he mother made her formed her timid character and losing of her own independent personality and thought. While Catherine was hijacked by Buffalo bill, in order to make bill would let her go, Catherine has repeatedly emphasized her mother’s identity and power. This action of Catherine expressed that Catherine depended too much on the mother and her blind worship of her mother. Under this kind of “care” by her mother, eventually, Catherine would be the second Bill who has damage in their cognition of gender. And she would become a female who lacks of the consciousness of feminism.
Conclusion
The objective of this thesis is to explore the novel-- The Silence of the Lambs from the perspective of the feminism. To understand how the feminism was reflected in this novel, we begin with a brief introduction of The Silence of the Lambs and feminism, followed by a stylistic analysis of them in detail.
This thesis begins with a brief introduction to The Silence of the Lambs and feminism, including background, content, author and so on. And then with the research background and data, comes up with research methods, aims and significance, and makes an explanation how many researches and what kinds of topics has the scholars been studied at the present. Finally, we select many roles in the novel to analyze their personality, mentality, experiences, such as Starling, Bill, senator and so on. Further study shows how the feminism was reflected in these roles --the reflection of feminism not only in the female but also in the male.
In the final analysis, we find that the feminism is fully reflected in the novel. Firstly, Starling is regarded as the main role in the novel, her existence, her appearance; her responsibility is the representative of the feminism. Then, Bill’s eager to abnormal male-to-female transsexual is not only the pursuit of the body of the female, but also as a symbol of the feminism. Finally from the senator Martin and her daughter, we can see Martin’s desire of the work and the tough attitude to the work, which show that as a female, she also can do everything as male or can do it better than male. Her pursuit of the equal state of male is also a token of feminism.
There is no denying that feminism has taken in the literature and it’s significant for scholar to study the literature. We may then safe to arrive at the conclusion that feminism plays a vital, if not the only, part in determining discrepancies in the development of society. Though the original purpose of this thesis has been realized, there is still space for improvement. Time and space limit my ability to explore the stylistic and the reflection of feminism in The Silence of the Lambs. It is a pity, but on the other hand, it provides good reasons for further study and research.
References
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