命题和论点

Propositions and Arguments

命题和论点 

We begin by examining more closely the most fundamental concepts in the study of logic, concepts presupposed in the paragraphs just above.

我们首先更仔细地研究逻辑研究中最基本的概念, 这些概念是以上各段所预先假定的。

 In reasoning we construct and evaluate arguments;arguments are built with propositions. 

在推理中, 我们构造和评估论点; 论点是用命题构建的。

Although these concepts are apparently simple, they require careful analysis.

虽然这些概念显然很简单,但需要仔细分析。

Propositions

命题

Propositions are the building blocks of our reasoning. 

命题是我们推理的基石。

A proposition asserts that something is the case or it asserts that something is not. 

一个命题断言某种东西是事实, 或者它断言某事不是。

We may affirm a proposition, or deny it—but every proposition either asserts what really is the case, or it asserts something that is not.

我们可以肯定一个命题, 或者否认它--但每一个命题要么断言实际情况, 要么断言一些不是事实的东西。

 Therefore every proposition is either true or false.

因此,每个命题都是要么为真要么为假。