Django-路由层（URLconf）
分组
分组的目的：让服务端获得url中的具体数据，通过分组，把需要的数据按函数传参的方式传递给服务器后台
1-无名分组
- 若要从URL 中捕获一个值，只需要在它周围放置一对圆括号
# app01/urls.py
from django.urls import path, re_path
from app01 import views
app_name = "app01"
urlpatterns = [
path("login/", views.login, name="Log"),
re_path(r"articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]){2}/", views.articles),
]# app01/views.py
def articles(request, year, month ):
print(year, month)
return HttpResponse(year+"-"+month)2-有名分组
在更高级的用法中，可以使用命名的正则表达式组来捕获URL 中的值并以关键字 参数传递给视图。
在Python 正则表达式中，命名正则表达式组的语法是(?P
# app01/urls.py
from django.urls import path, re_path
from app01 import views
app_name = "app01"
urlpatterns = [
path("login/", views.login, name="Log"),
re_path(r"articles/(?P[0-9]{4})/(?P[0-9]{2}/)", views.articles),
] 捕获的值作为关键字参数而不是位置参数传递给视图函数
# app01/views.py
def articles(request, month, year ):
print(year, month)
return HttpResponse(year+"-"+month)分发
分发的目的：解决一个django项目中因为存在多个应用app导致project下面的urls臃肿和分配混乱的问题
分发的具体操作流程是：
step1：项目文件下的urls.py，使用include()
# project/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path(r"app01/", include("app01.urls")),
]step2：app下的具体url
# app01/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path("login/", views.login),
]step3：视图函数render时模板路径前缀
# app01/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
# Create your views here.
def login(request):
return render(request, "app01/login.html")step4：模板
# app01/templates/app01/login.html
app01_title
app01_login
反向解析
反向解析的目的：解决url硬编码的问题，即不能写死一个url,否则日后修改url，造成的维护成本巨大
此时可以给url命名，然后可以在视图和模板中使用url别名，反向解析出正式的url
反向解析分两种：模板中解析、视图中解析
- 模板中解析
# app01/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path("login/", views.login, name="Log"),
path("articles//", views.articles, name="Art"), #有参
] # app01/templates/app01/login.html
- 视图中解析
reverse("Art", args=(id,))
# app01/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.urls import reverse
# Create your views here.
def login(request):
print(reverse('log'))
id=10
print(reverse("Art", args=(id,)))
return render(request, "app01/login.html")
命名空间
命名空间要配合反向解析使用，当存在多个app，url的name冲突时，需要指定该name的命名空间
# project/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path(r"app01/", include("app01.urls", namespace="app01")),
path(r"app02/", include("app02.urls", namespace="app02")),
]在django2.x中，app01/url.py需要添加 app_name = "app01"
# app01/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from app01 import views
app_name = "app01"
urlpatterns = [
path("login/", views.login, name="Log"),
]# app01/views.py（需要时设置）
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.urls import reverse
# Create your views here.
def login(request):
a = reverse("app01:Log")
print("app01:", a)
return render(request, "app01/login.html")# app01/templates/app01/login.html（需要时设置）
转换器
对于django2.0版本以后，出现新的path() urlconf，他有两个好处：
1：url修改维护变得简单
2：url获得的参数的数据类型不再是单纯的str,在path中可以通过转换器实现参数数据类型的转换
path()中存在5个内置转化器：
1. str,匹配除了路径分隔符（/）之外的非空字符串，这是默认的形式
2. int,匹配正整数，包含0。
3. slug,匹配字母、数字以及横杠、下划线组成的字符串。
4. uuid,匹配格式化的uuid，如 075194d3-6885-417e-a8a8-6c931e272f00。
5. path,匹配任何非空字符串，包含了路径分隔符使用方法：
step1: app01/urls.py
from django.urls import path, re_path
from app01 import views
app_name = "app01"
urlpatterns = [
path("login/", views.login, name="Log"),
# re_path(r"articles/(?P[0-9]{4})/", views.articles),
path("articles///", views.articles),
] step2: app01/views.py
def articles(request, year, month):
print(year, month)
print(type(year))
return HttpResponse("ok")- <> 表示有名分组，year是组名；int表示传参的数据类型是正整数（但包括0）
自定义转换器
step1: app01/my_converters.py
class YearConverter:
regex = '[0-9]{4}'
def to_python(self, value):
return int(value)
def to_url(self, value):
return '%04d' % valuestep2: app01/urls.py
from django.urls import path, re_path, register_converter
from app01 import views, my_converters
register_converter(my_converters.YearConverter, 'year')
app_name = "app01"
urlpatterns = [
path("login/", views.login, name="Log"),
# re_path(r"articles/(?P[0-9]{4})/", views.articles),
# path("articles///", views.articles),
path("books/", views.books),
] step3: app01/views.py
def books(request, y):
print(y, type(y))
return HttpResponse("ok,books")