__slots__和运算符重载中的反向方法

问题的引出

都是字典惹的祸

字典为了提升查询效率，必须用空间换时间。

一般来说一个多想，属性多一点，都存储在字典中便于查询，问题不大。

但是如果数百万个对象，那么字典占的就有点大了。

这个时候，能不能把属性字典__dict__省了？

python提供了__slots__

class A:
    x = 1

    def __init__(self):
        self.y = 5
        self.z = 6

    def show(self):
        print(self.x,self.y,self.z)


a = A()
print(A.__dict__)
print(a.__dict__)

结果为：
{'__module__': '__main__', 'x': 1, '__init__': __init__ at 0x0000000001E670D8>, 'show': , '__dict__': '__dict__' of 'A' objects>, '__weakref__': '__weakref__' of 'A' objects>, '__doc__': None}
{'y': 5, 'z': 6}

思考

上面2个字典，谁的字典是个问题？

实例多达百万个的时候，这么多存放实例属性的字典是个问题。

class A:
    x = 1
    __slots__ = ("y")#元组
    #__slots__ = ["y","z"]#可以吗？
    # __slots__ = "y","z"#可以吗？
    # __slots__ = "y"


    def __init__(self):
        self.y = 5
        self.z = 6

    def show(self):
        print(self.x,self.y)


a = A()
a.show()
print("A",A.__dict__)
#print("OBJ",a.__dict__)
print(a.__slots__)

结果为：
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/studytset/xpc1/test1.py", line 17, in 
    a = A()
  File "C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/studytset/xpc1/test1.py", line 11, in __init__
    self.z = 6
AttributeError: 'A' object has no attribute 'z'

上面报错，因为slots,只有一个槽位。直接就报错了。

class A:
    x = 1
    __slots__ = ("y")#元组



    def __init__(self):
        self.y = 5
        #self.z = 6

    def show(self):
        print(self.x,self.y)


a = A()
a.show()
print("A",A.__dict__)
print(a.__dict__)

结果为：
1 5
A {'__module__': '__main__', 'x': 1, '__slots__': 'y', '__init__': __init__ at 0x0000000001E560D8>, 'show': , 'y': 'y' of 'A' objects>, '__doc__': None}
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/studytset/xpc1/test1.py", line 18, in 
    print(a.__dict__)
AttributeError: 'A' object has no attribute '__dict__'

上面又报错了。

class A:
    x = 1
    __slots__ = ("y","z")#元组
    #__slots__ = ["y","z"]#可以吗？
    # __slots__ = "y","z"#可以吗？
    # __slots__ = "y"


    def __init__(self):
        self.y = 5
        #self.z = 6

    def show(self):
        print(self.x,self.y)


a = A()
a.show()
print("A",A.__dict__)
#print("OBJ",a.__dict__)
print(a.__slots__)

结果为：
1 5
A {'__module__': '__main__', 'x': 1, '__slots__': ('y', 'z'), '__init__': __init__ at 0x00000000026770D8>, 'show': , 'y': 'y' of 'A' objects>, 'z': 'z' of 'A' objects>, '__doc__': None}
('y', 'z')

__slots__告诉解释器，实例的属性都叫什么，一般来说，既然要节约内存，最好还是使用元组比较好。

一旦类提供了__slots__，就阻止实例产生__dict__来保存实例的属性。

尝试为实例a动态增加属性

a.newx = 5

 

 说明实例不可以动态增加属性了

A.NEWX = 20,这是可以的，因为这是类属性。

继承

class A:
    x = 1
    __slots__ = ("y","z")#元组



    def __init__(self):
        self.y = 5
        #self.z = 6

    def show(self):
        print(self.x,self.y)


a = A()
a.show()
print("A",A.__dict__)
print(a.__slots__)

class B(A):
    def __init__(self):
        self.b1 = 500

print("B",B().__dict__)

结果为：

1 5
A {'__module__': '__main__', 'x': 1, '__slots__': ('y', 'z'), '__init__': , 'show': , 'y': , 'z': , '__doc__': None}
('y', 'z')
B {'b1': 500}

__slots__不影响子类实例，不会继承下去，查费子类里面自己也定义了__slots__。

应用场景

使用需要构建数百万以上对象，且内存容量较为紧张，实例的属性简单，固定且不用动态增加的场景。

未实现和未实现异常

print(type(NotImplemented))
print(type(NotImplementedError))

#
#

raise NotImplemented
#raise NotImplementedError

结果为;
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/studytset/xpc1/test1.py", line 7, in 
    raise NotImplemented
TypeError: exceptions must derive from BaseException
<class 'NotImplementedType'>
<class 'type'>

NotImplemented是个值，单值，是NotImplementedType类的实例。

NotImplementedError是类型，是异常，返回type。

运算符重载中的反向方法

前面学习过运算符重载的方法，例如add和iadd.

class A:
    def __init__(self,x):
        self.x = x

    def __add__(self, other):#+
        print(self,"add")
        return self.x+other.x

    def __iadd__(self, other):#+=
        print(self,"iadd")
        return A(self.x + other.x)

    def __radd__(self, other):#+
        print(self,"radd")
        return self.x + other.x


a = A(4)
b = A(5)
print(a,b)
print(a+b)
print(b+a)
b+=a
a+=b

结果为：
<__main__.A object at 0x00000000021FA248> <__main__.A object at 0x00000000021FA348>
<__main__.A object at 0x00000000021FA248> add
9
<__main__.A object at 0x00000000021FA348> add
9
<__main__.A object at 0x00000000021FA348> iadd
<__main__.A object at 0x00000000021FA248> iadd

__radd__方法根本没有执行过？为什么？

因为都是A的实例，都是调用的__add__，无非就是实例a还是实例b调用而已。

测试一下a+1

class A:
    def __init__(self,x):
        self.x = x

    def __add__(self, other):
        print(self,"add")
        return self.x+other.x

    def __iadd__(self, other):
        print(self,"iadd")
        return A(self.x + other.x)

    def __radd__(self, other):
        print(self,"radd")
        return self.x + other.x


a = A(4)
a+1

结果为：
<__main__.A object at 0x000000000222B248> add
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/studytset/xpc1/test1.py", line 19, in 
    a+1
  File "C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/studytset/xpc1/test1.py", line 7, in __add__
    return self.x+other.x
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'x'

出现了AttributeError，因为1是int类型，没有x这个属性，还是__add__被执行了。

测试1+a,运行结果如下：

<__main__.A object at 0x00000000021EB208> radd
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/studytset/xpc1/test1.py", line 19, in 
    1+a
  File "C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/studytset/xpc1/test1.py", line 15, in __radd__
    return self.x + other.x
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'x'

这次执行的是实例a的__radd__方法。

1+a等价于1.__add__(a),而类型实现了__add__方法的，为什么却不抛出异常，而是执行了实例a的__radd__方法？

再看一个例子

class A:
    def __init__(self,x):
        self.x = x

    def __add__(self, other):
        print(self,"add")
        return self.x+other.x

    def __iadd__(self, other):
        print(self,"iadd")
        return A(self.x + other.x)

    def __radd__(self, other):
        print(self,"radd")
        return self.x + other.x
　　　　　#return self+other #相当于self.__add__(other)

class B:#未实现__add__
    def __init__(self,x):
        self.x = x


a = A(4)
b = B(10)
print(a+b)
print(b+a)

结果为：
<__main__.A object at 0x00000000021EB408> add
14
<__main__.A object at 0x00000000021EB408> radd
14

b+a等价于b.__add__(a),但是类B没有实现__add__方法，就去找a的__radd__方法。

1+a等价于1.__add__(a)，而int类型实现了__add__方法的，不过这个方法对于这种加法的返回值是notlmplemented，解释器发现是这个值，就会发起对第二操作对象的__radd__方法的调用。

1+a能解决吗？

class A:
    def __init__(self,x):
        self.x = x

    def __add__(self, other):
        print(self,"add")
        try:
            x = other.x
            return self.x + other.x
        except AttributeError:
            try:
                x = int(other)
            except:
                x = 0
            return self.x +x


    def __iadd__(self, other):
        print(self,"iadd")
        return A(self.x + other.x)

    def __radd__(self, other):
        print(self,"radd")
        return self.x + other.x

class B:
    def __init__(self,x):
        self.x = x


a = A(4)
b = B(10)
print(a+b)
print(b+a)
print(a+2)
print(2+a)
print(a+"abc")
print("abc"+a)

结果为：
Traceback (most recent call last):
<__main__.A object at 0x00000000021DA408> add
  File "C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/studytset/xpc1/test1.py", line 36, in 
    print(2+a)
14
  File "C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/studytset/xpc1/test1.py", line 24, in __radd__
<__main__.A object at 0x00000000021DA408> radd
    return self.x + other.x
14
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'x'
<__main__.A object at 0x00000000021DA408> add
6
<__main__.A object at 0x00000000021DA408> radd

“abc”+a,字符串也实现了__add__方法，不过默认是处理不了和其他类型的加法，就返回notlmplemented。

class A:
    def __init__(self,x):
        self.x = x

    def __add__(self, other):
        print(self,"add")
        try:
            res = self.x + other.x
        except:
            try:
                o = int(other)
            except:
                o = 0
            res = self.x+o
        return res


    def __iadd__(self, other):
        print(self,"iadd")
        return A(self.x + other.x)

    def __radd__(self, other):
        print(self,"radd")
        return self.x + other.x

class B:
    def __init__(self,x):
        self.x = x


a = A(4)
b = B(10)
print(a+b)
print(b+a)
print(a+2)
print(2+a)