文章来源:Python数据分析
目录:
- DIKW模型与数据工程
- 科学计算工具Numpy
- 数据分析工具Pandas
- Pandas的函数应用、层级索引、统计计算
- Pandas分组与聚合
- 数据清洗、合并、转化和重构
数据清洗是数据分析关键的一步,直接影响之后的处理工作
数据需要修改吗?有什么需要修改的吗?数据应该怎么调整才能适用于接下来的分析和挖掘?
是一个迭代的过程,实际项目中可能需要不止一次地执行这些清洗操作
处理缺失数据:pd.fillna(),pd.dropna()
1.数据连接(pd.merge)
pd.merge
根据单个或多个键将不同DataFrame的行连接起来
类似数据库的连接操作
示例代码:
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
df_obj1 = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['b', 'b', 'a', 'c', 'a', 'a', 'b'],
'data1' : np.random.randint(0,10,7)})
df_obj2 = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['a', 'b', 'd'],
'data2' : np.random.randint(0,10,3)})
print(df_obj1)
print(df_obj2)
运行结果:
data1 key
data1 key
0 8 b
1 8 b
2 3 a
3 5 c
4 4 a
5 9 a
6 6 b
data2 key
0 9 a
1 0 b
2 3 d
1. 默认将重叠列的列名作为“外键”进行连接
示例代码:
# 默认将重叠列的列名作为“外键”进行连接
print(pd.merge(df_obj1, df_obj2))
运行结果:
data1 key data2
0 8 b 0
1 8 b 0
2 6 b 0
3 3 a 9
4 4 a 9
5 9 a 9
2. on显示指定“外键”
示例代码:
# on显示指定“外键”
print(pd.merge(df_obj1, df_obj2, on='key'))
运行结果:
data1 key data2
0 8 b 0
1 8 b 0
2 6 b 0
3 3 a 9
4 4 a 9
5 9 a 9
3. left_on,左侧数据的“外键”,right_on,右侧数据的“外键”
示例代码:
# left_on,right_on分别指定左侧数据和右侧数据的“外键”
# 更改列名
df_obj1 = df_obj1.rename(columns={'key':'key1'})
df_obj2 = df_obj2.rename(columns={'key':'key2'})
print(pd.merge(df_obj1, df_obj2, left_on='key1', right_on='key2'))
运行结果:
data1 key1 data2 key2
0 8 b 0 b
1 8 b 0 b
2 6 b 0 b
3 3 a 9 a
4 4 a 9 a
5 9 a 9 a
默认是“内连接”(inner),即结果中的键是交集
how指定连接方式
4. “外连接”(outer),结果中的键是并集
示例代码:
# “外连接”
print(pd.merge(df_obj1, df_obj2, left_on='key1', right_on='key2', how='outer'))
运行结果:
data1 key1 data2 key2
0 8.0 b 0.0 b
1 8.0 b 0.0 b
2 6.0 b 0.0 b
3 3.0 a 9.0 a
4 4.0 a 9.0 a
5 9.0 a 9.0 a
6 5.0 c NaN NaN
7 NaN NaN 3.0 d
5. “左连接”(left)
示例代码:
# 左连接
print(pd.merge(df_obj1, df_obj2, left_on='key1', right_on='key2', how='left'))
运行结果:
data1 key1 data2 key2
0 8 b 0.0 b
1 8 b 0.0 b
2 3 a 9.0 a
3 5 c NaN NaN
4 4 a 9.0 a
5 9 a 9.0 a
6 6 b 0.0 b
6. “右连接”(right)
示例代码:
# 右连接
print(pd.merge(df_obj1, df_obj2, left_on='key1', right_on='key2', how='right'))
运行结果:
data1 key1 data2 key2
0 8.0 b 0 b
1 8.0 b 0 b
2 6.0 b 0 b
3 3.0 a 9 a
4 4.0 a 9 a
5 9.0 a 9 a
6 NaN NaN 3 d
7. 处理重复列名
suffixes,默认为_x, _y
示例代码:
# 处理重复列名
df_obj1 = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['b', 'b', 'a', 'c', 'a', 'a', 'b'],
'data' : np.random.randint(0,10,7)})
df_obj2 = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['a', 'b', 'd'],
'data' : np.random.randint(0,10,3)})
print(pd.merge(df_obj1, df_obj2, on='key', suffixes=('_left', '_right')))
运行结果:
data_left key data_right
0 9 b 1
1 5 b 1
2 1 b 1
3 2 a 8
4 2 a 8
5 5 a 8
8. 按索引连接
left_index=True或right_index=True
示例代码:
# 按索引连接
df_obj1 = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['b', 'b', 'a', 'c', 'a', 'a', 'b'],
'data1' : np.random.randint(0,10,7)})
df_obj2 = pd.DataFrame({'data2' : np.random.randint(0,10,3)}, index=['a', 'b', 'd'])
print(pd.merge(df_obj1, df_obj2, left_on='key', right_index=True))
运行结果:
data1 key data2
0 3 b 6
1 4 b 6
6 8 b 6
2 6 a 0
4 3 a 0
5 0 a 0
2.数据合并(pd.concat)
- 沿轴方向将多个对象合并到一起
1. NumPy的concat
np.concatenate
示例代码:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
arr1 = np.random.randint(0, 10, (3, 4))
arr2 = np.random.randint(0, 10, (3, 4))
print(arr1)
print(arr2)
print(np.concatenate([arr1, arr2]))
print(np.concatenate([arr1, arr2], axis=1))
运行结果:
# print(arr1)
[[3 3 0 8]
[2 0 3 1]
[4 8 8 2]]
# print(arr2)
[[6 8 7 3]
[1 6 8 7]
[1 4 7 1]]
# print(np.concatenate([arr1, arr2]))
[[3 3 0 8]
[2 0 3 1]
[4 8 8 2]
[6 8 7 3]
[1 6 8 7]
[1 4 7 1]]
# print(np.concatenate([arr1, arr2], axis=1))
[[3 3 0 8 6 8 7 3]
[2 0 3 1 1 6 8 7]
[4 8 8 2 1 4 7 1]]
2. pd.concat
注意指定轴方向,默认axis=0
join指定合并方式,默认为outer
Series合并时查看行索引有无重复
1) index 没有重复的情况
示例代码:
# index 没有重复的情况
ser_obj1 = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 10, 5), index=range(0,5))
ser_obj2 = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 10, 4), index=range(5,9))
ser_obj3 = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 10, 3), index=range(9,12))
print(ser_obj1)
print(ser_obj2)
print(ser_obj3)
print(pd.concat([ser_obj1, ser_obj2, ser_obj3]))
print(pd.concat([ser_obj1, ser_obj2, ser_obj3], axis=1))
运行结果:
# print(ser_obj1)
0 1
1 8
2 4
3 9
4 4
dtype: int64
# print(ser_obj2)
5 2
6 6
7 4
8 2
dtype: int64
# print(ser_obj3)
9 6
10 2
11 7
dtype: int64
# print(pd.concat([ser_obj1, ser_obj2, ser_obj3]))
0 1
1 8
2 4
3 9
4 4
5 2
6 6
7 4
8 2
9 6
10 2
11 7
dtype: int64
# print(pd.concat([ser_obj1, ser_obj2, ser_obj3], axis=1))
0 1 2
0 1.0 NaN NaN
1 5.0 NaN NaN
2 3.0 NaN NaN
3 2.0 NaN NaN
4 4.0 NaN NaN
5 NaN 9.0 NaN
6 NaN 8.0 NaN
7 NaN 3.0 NaN
8 NaN 6.0 NaN
9 NaN NaN 2.0
10 NaN NaN 3.0
11 NaN NaN 3.0
2) index 有重复的情况
示例代码:
# index 有重复的情况
ser_obj1 = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 10, 5), index=range(5))
ser_obj2 = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 10, 4), index=range(4))
ser_obj3 = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 10, 3), index=range(3))
print(ser_obj1)
print(ser_obj2)
print(ser_obj3)
print(pd.concat([ser_obj1, ser_obj2, ser_obj3]))
运行结果:
# print(ser_obj1)
0 0
1 3
2 7
3 2
4 5
dtype: int64
# print(ser_obj2)
0 5
1 1
2 9
3 9
dtype: int64
# print(ser_obj3)
0 8
1 7
2 9
dtype: int64
# print(pd.concat([ser_obj1, ser_obj2, ser_obj3]))
0 0
1 3
2 7
3 2
4 5
0 5
1 1
2 9
3 9
0 8
1 7
2 9
dtype: int64
# print(pd.concat([ser_obj1, ser_obj2, ser_obj3], axis=1, join='inner'))
# join='inner' 将去除NaN所在的行或列
0 1 2
0 0 5 8
1 3 1 7
2 7 9 9
3) DataFrame合并时同时查看行索引和列索引有无重复
示例代码:
df_obj1 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(0, 10, (3, 2)), index=['a', 'b', 'c'],
columns=['A', 'B'])
df_obj2 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(0, 10, (2, 2)), index=['a', 'b'],
columns=['C', 'D'])
print(df_obj1)
print(df_obj2)
print(pd.concat([df_obj1, df_obj2]))
print(pd.concat([df_obj1, df_obj2], axis=1, join='inner'))
运行结果:
# print(df_obj1)
A B
a 3 3
b 5 4
c 8 6
# print(df_obj2)
C D
a 1 9
b 6 8
# print(pd.concat([df_obj1, df_obj2]))
A B C D
a 3.0 3.0 NaN NaN
b 5.0 4.0 NaN NaN
c 8.0 6.0 NaN NaN
a NaN NaN 1.0 9.0
b NaN NaN 6.0 8.0
# print(pd.concat([df_obj1, df_obj2], axis=1, join='inner'))
A B C D
a 3 3 1 9
b 5 4 6 8
数据重构
1. stack
将列索引旋转为行索引,完成层级索引
DataFrame->Series
示例代码:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
df_obj = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(0,10, (5,2)), columns=['data1', 'data2'])
print(df_obj)
stacked = df_obj.stack()
print(stacked)
运行结果:
# print(df_obj)
data1 data2
0 7 9
1 7 8
2 8 9
3 4 1
4 1 2
# print(stacked)
0 data1 7
data2 9
1 data1 7
data2 8
2 data1 8
data2 9
3 data1 4
data2 1
4 data1 1
data2 2
dtype: int64
2. unstack
将层级索引展开
Series->DataFrame
认操作内层索引,即level=-1
示例代码:
# 默认操作内层索引
print(stacked.unstack())
# 通过level指定操作索引的级别
print(stacked.unstack(level=0))
运行结果:
# print(stacked.unstack())
data1 data2
0 7 9
1 7 8
2 8 9
3 4 1
4 1 2
# print(stacked.unstack(level=0))
0 1 2 3 4
data1 7 7 8 4 1
data2 9 8 9 1 2
数据转换
一、 处理重复数据
1 duplicated() 返回布尔型Series表示每行是否为重复行
示例代码:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
df_obj = pd.DataFrame({'data1' : ['a'] * 4 + ['b'] * 4,
'data2' : np.random.randint(0, 4, 8)})
print(df_obj)
print(df_obj.duplicated())
运行结果:
# print(df_obj)
data1 data2
0 a 3
1 a 2
2 a 3
3 a 3
4 b 1
5 b 0
6 b 3
7 b 0
# print(df_obj.duplicated())
0 False
1 False
2 True
3 True
4 False
5 False
6 False
7 True
dtype: bool
2 drop_duplicates() 过滤重复行
默认判断全部列
可指定按某些列判断
示例代码:
print(df_obj.drop_duplicates())
print(df_obj.drop_duplicates('data2'))
运行结果:
# print(df_obj.drop_duplicates())
data1 data2
0 a 3
1 a 2
4 b 1
5 b 0
6 b 3
# print(df_obj.drop_duplicates('data2'))
data1 data2
0 a 3
1 a 2
4 b 1
5 b 0
3. 根据map传入的函数对每行或每列进行转换
- Series根据map传入的函数对每行或每列进行转换
示例代码:
ser_obj = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0,10,10))
print(ser_obj)
print(ser_obj.map(lambda x : x ** 2))
运行结果:
# print(ser_obj)
0 1
1 4
2 8
3 6
4 8
5 6
6 6
7 4
8 7
9 3
dtype: int64
# print(ser_obj.map(lambda x : x ** 2))
0 1
1 16
2 64
3 36
4 64
5 36
6 36
7 16
8 49
9 9
dtype: int64
二、数据替换
replace根据值的内容进行替换
示例代码:
# 单个值替换单个值
print(ser_obj.replace(1, -100))
# 多个值替换一个值
print(ser_obj.replace([6, 8], -100))
# 多个值替换多个值
print(ser_obj.replace([4, 7], [-100, -200]))
运行结果:
# print(ser_obj.replace(1, -100))
0 -100
1 4
2 8
3 6
4 8
5 6
6 6
7 4
8 7
9 3
dtype: int64
# print(ser_obj.replace([6, 8], -100))
0 1
1 4
2 -100
3 -100
4 -100
5 -100
6 -100
7 4
8 7
9 3
dtype: int64
# print(ser_obj.replace([4, 7], [-100, -200]))
0 1
1 -100
2 8
3 6
4 8
5 6
6 6
7 -100
8 -200
9 3
dtype: int64
三、全球食品数据分析
项目参考:https://www.kaggle.com/bhouwens/d/openfoodfacts/world-food-facts/how-much-sugar-do-we-eat/discussion
# -*- coding : utf-8 -*-
# 处理zip压缩文件
import zipfile
import os
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def unzip(zip_filepath, dest_path):
"""
解压zip文件
"""
with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_filepath) as zf:
zf.extractall(path=dest_path)
def get_dataset_filename(zip_filepath):
"""
获取数据集文件名
"""
with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_filepath) as zf:
return zf.namelist()[0]
def main():
"""
主函数
"""
# 声明变量
dataset_path = './data' # 数据集路径
zip_filename = 'open-food-facts.zip' # zip文件名
zip_filepath = os.path.join(dataset_path, zip_filename) # zip文件路径
dataset_filename = get_dataset_filename(zip_filepath) # 数据集文件名(在zip中)
dataset_filepath = os.path.join(dataset_path, dataset_filename) # 数据集文件路径
print('解压zip...', end='')
unzip(zip_filepath, dataset_path)
print('完成.')
# 读取数据
data = pd.read_csv(dataset_filepath, usecols=['countries_en', 'additives_n'])
# 分析各国家食物中的食品添加剂种类个数
# 1. 数据清理
# 去除缺失数据
data = data.dropna() # 或者data.dropna(inplace=True)
# 将国家名称转换为小写
data['countries_en'] = data['countries_en'].str.lower()
# 2. 数据分组统计
country_additives = data['additives_n'].groupby(data['countries_en']).mean()
# 3. 按值从大到小排序
result = country_additives.sort_values(ascending=False)
# 4. pandas可视化top10
result.iloc[:10].plot.bar()
plt.show()
# 5. 保存处理结果
result.to_csv('./country_additives.csv')
# 删除解压数据,清理空间(可选操作)
if os.path.exists(dataset_filepath):
os.remove(dataset_filepath)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()