Python学习的第二天

Python标准库中的GUI界面--》》turtle

turtle的简单使用

导入turtle as是给起的一个别名

#import turtle as t

设置画表的大小 10px

t.pensize(10)

绘制 NEUSOFT

水平左移

抬笔

# t.penup()
# t.goto(-260,0)
# t.pd()//落笔

#绘制N

t.left(90)

t.forward(80)

t.right(145)

#简写

t.fd(100)

t.lt(145)

t.fd(80)

#绘制E

t.penup()

t.goto(-120,0)

t.pd()

t.lt(90)

t.fd(60)

t.rt(90)

t.fd(40)

t.rt(90)

t.fd(60)

t.lt(180)

t.fd(60)

t.rt(90)

t.fd(40)

t.rt(90)

t.fd(60)

t.penup()

t.goto(-80,80)

t.pd()

t.rt(90)

t.fd(50)

t.circle(30,180)

t.fd(50)

t.color('red')

#绘制S

t.penup()

t.goto(50,60)

t.pd()

t.circle(22,270)

t.circle(-22,270)

#绘制O

t.penup()

t.goto(140,35)

t.pd()

t.circle(30)

#让GUI界面一直显示，所有代码要写在此函数之前

t.done()

python常用数据类型

# 列表: 与c语言中的数组很相似， 只不过可以存储不同类型的数据

# 优点：灵活 ，缺点： 效率低

# 定义方式 []

hero_name = ['鲁班七号', '安琪拉', '李白', '刘备']

# 输出

# print(hero_name)

# 遍历

# for hero in hero_name:

# print(hero)

# 常见操作

# 1.列表的访问

# 列表名[索引]

print(hero_name[2])

# 2.添加 append

hero_name.append('后羿')

print('添加后的列表', hero_name)

# 3.修改

hero_name[1] = 1000

print('修改后的列表',hero_name)

# 4.删除

del hero_name[1]

print('删除后的列表',hero_name)

#输出1-10的数组

num=[]

for i in range(1,11):

num.append(i)

print('数字',num)

python常用数据类型

# 列表: 与c语言中的数组很相似， 只不过可以存储不同类型的数据
# 优点：灵活   ，缺点： 效率低
# 定义方式  []
# hero_name = ['鲁班七号', '安琪拉', '李白', '刘备']
# # 输出
# # print(hero_name)
# # 遍历
# # for hero in hero_name:
# #     print(hero)
#

# 常见操作

# 1.列表的访问

# 列表名[索引]

print(hero_name[2])

# 2.添加 append

# hero_name.append('后羿')
# print('添加后的列表', hero_name)
#

# 3.修改

# hero_name[1] = 1000
# print('修改后的列表',hero_name)
#

# 4.删除

# del hero_name[1]
# print('删除后的列表',hero_name)
#

# 练习

# 创建 [1, 2, 3......10] 这样的一个数字列表

# 1.创建空列表

li = []

# 2.使用for 循环， 在循环中添加元素值

for i in range(1, 11):

li.append(i)

print(li)

字符串

定义形式 '' ""

切片 对序列截取一部分的操作，适用于列表

# name = 'abcdefg'
# # name[1]
# # [起始位置:终止位置：步长] 左闭右开
# print(name[1:4])
# # a c e g
# print(name[0:7:2])
# # 全切片的时候可以省略初始和终止位置
# print(name[::2])
# 常用方法
# 去两端空格

# name = '    abcdefg     '
# # 查看序列内元素的个数  len（）
# print(len(name))
# name = name.strip()
# print('去空格之后', len(name))

替换

# price = '$999'
# price = price.replace('$','')
# print(price)
# # 列表变成字符串的方法 join
# li = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
# a = '_'.join(li)
# print(a)
# print(type(a))
# 数字
# 元组 tuple  元组和列表很像只不过元组不可以修改
# 定义  ()
# a = ('zhangsan', 'lisi', 'wangwu',1000)
# print(a)
# print(type(a))
#

# 访问

# print(a[1])
# # # 修改
# # a[3] = 'zhaoliu'
#
# # 关于元组需要注意的是 只有一个元素的元组
# b = ('lisi',) #是不是元组
# c = (1000,) #是不是元组
# print(type(b))
# print(type(c))

字典 dict java hashmap

key-value数据结构

定义形式 {}

info = {'name':'李四', 'age':34, 'addr':'重庆市渝北区'}

print(len(info))

print(info)

1.字典的访问

#print(info['name'])

2.修改

#info['addr'] = '北京市朝阳区'
#print('修改后字典',info)

3.增加

#info['sex'] = 'female'
#print('增加后字典',info)

获取字典中所有的键

#print(info.keys())

# 获取字典中所有的z值

#print(info.values())

获取字典中所有的key-value

#print(info.items())

d = [('name', '李四'), ('age', 34), ('addr', '北京市朝阳区'), ('sex', 'female')]

d1 = dict(d)

print(d1)

遍历字典

for k, v in info.items():

print(k, v)

# 集合
#  无序，不重复
#set1 = {'zhangsan', 'lisi', 222}
#
#print(type(set1))
# 遍历
#for x in set1:
   # print(x)

# 1.掌握python常用数据类型和语法

# 列表的排序

# # li = []
# # for i in range(10):
# #     li.append(i)
# # print(li)
# # from random import shuffle
# # shuffle(li)
# # print('随机打乱的列表', li)
# # li.sort(reverse=True)
# # print('排序后的列表', li)
# 
# stu_info = [
#     {"name":'zhangsan', "age":18},
#     {"name":'lisi', "age":30},
#     {"name":'wangwu', "age":99},
#     {"name":'tiaqi', "age":3},
# 
# ]
# print('排序前', stu_info)
# 
# # def 函数名(参数):
# #     函数体
# def sort_by_age(x):
#     return x['age']

# key= 函数名 --- 按照什么进行排序

# 根据年龄大小进行正序排序

stu_info.sort(key=sort_by_age, reverse=True)

print('排序后', stu_info)

# 练习

name_info_list = [

('张三',4500),

('李四',8900),

('王五',2500),

('赵六',6500),

]

def sort_by_grade(i):

return i[1]

# 根据元组第二个元素进行正序排序

name_info_list.sort(key=sort_by_grade)

print(name_info_list)

2.本地文件读取

python中使用open内置函数进行文件读取

f = open(file='./novel/threekingdom.txt', mode='r', encoding='utf-8')

data = f.read()

f.close()

# data = open(file='./novel/threekingdom.txt', mode='r', encoding='utf-8').read()

print(data)

with as 上下文管理器 不用手动关闭流

with open('./novel/threekingdom.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:

data = f.read()

print(data)

写入

# txt = 'i like python'
# with open('python.txt','w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
#     f.write(txt)

text = """

重庆师范欢迎你

"""
print(text)
with open('chongqingshifan.html','w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
f.write(text)

2.本地文件读取

python中使用open内置函数进行文件读取

# data = f.read()
# f.close()
# # data = open(file='./novel/threekingdom.txt', mode='r', encoding='utf-8').read()
# print(data)

# with as 上下文管理器  不用手动关闭流
# with open('./novel/threekingdom.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
#     data = f.read()
#     print(data)

写入

txt = 'i like python'

with open('python.txt','w', encoding='utf-8') as f:

f.write(txt)

text = """

重庆师范欢迎你

"""
print(text)
with open('chongqingshifan.html','w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
f.write(text)

3.中文分词 jieba

# 安装jieba分词库
#  指定国内镜像安装
#1.在用户目录下新建pip文件夹
# 2.新建pip.ini文件

添加

"""
[global]
index-url = http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
[install]
trusted-host=mirrors.aliyun.com
"""
# pip install jieba

导入jieba分词

import jieba

三种分词模式

seg = "我来到北京清华大学"
# 精确模式  精确分词
seg_list = jieba.lcut(seg)
print(seg_list)
# 全模式  找出所有可能的分词结果    冗余性大
seg_list1 = jieba.lcut(seg,cut_all=True)
print(seg_list1)
#  搜索引擎模式

seg_list2 = jieba.lcut_for_search(seg)
print(seg_list2)

#
text = '小明硕士毕业于中国科学院计算所，后在日本京都大学深造'
seg_list4 = jieba.lcut(text,cut_all=True)
print(seg_list4)
#  搜索引擎模式  先执行精确模式，在对其中的长词进行处理
seg_list5 = jieba.lcut_for_search(text)
print(seg_list5)

# nlp

import jieba
# 三国演义小说分词
# 读取三国演义小说
#with open('./novel/threekingdom.txt','r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
   # words = f.read()
   # print(len(words)) # 字数  55万
    #words_list = jieba.lcut(words)
   # print(len(words_list)) # 分词后的词语数  35万
    #print(words_list)

分词

导入jieba分词

import jieba

三种分词模式

#seg = "我来到北京清华大学"
# 精确模式  精确分词
#seg_list = jieba.lcut(seg)
#print(seg_list)
# 全模式  找出所有可能的分词结果    冗余性大
#seg_list1 = jieba.lcut(seg,cut_all=True)
#print(seg_list1)
#  搜索引擎模式
#seg_list2 = jieba.lcut_for_search(seg)
#print(seg_list2)

#
#text = '小明硕士毕业于中国科学院计算所，后在日本京都大学深造'
#seg_list4 = jieba.lcut(text,cut_all=True)
#print(seg_list4)
#  搜索引擎模式  先执行精确模式，在对其中的长词进行处理
#seg_list5 = jieba.lcut_for_search(text)
#print(seg_list5)

4. 词云的展示

from wordcloud import WordCloud
import jieba
import imageio

绘制词云

# text = 'He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat.'
# wc = WordCloud().generate(text)
# wc.to_file('老人与海.png')

三国演义小说词云绘制

三国演义小说分词

读取三国演义小说

mask = imageio.imread('./china.jpg')
with open('./novel/threekingdom.txt','r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    words = f.read()
    # print(len(words)) # 字数  55万
    words_list = jieba.lcut(words)
    # print(len(words_list)) # 分词后的词语数  35万
    print(words_list)
    # 将words_list转化成字符串
    novel_words = " ".join(words_list)
    print(novel_words)
    # WordCloud()里面设置参数
    wc = WordCloud(
        font_path='msyh.ttc',
        background_color='white',
        width=800,
        height=600,
        mask=mask
    ).generate(novel_words)
    wc.to_file('三国词云.png')