语法笔记—不完全及物动词

学习资料:赖氏经典英语语法

不完全及物动词(简写:i. vt.)仍属一种及物动词,但此类动词加了宾语之后,意思并不完全,需要加补语(complement),以补充意思之不足。

兹以 make(使,叫) 为例:

   He made Mary.(他使玛丽。)
      ---- ----
   * 本句意思不完全,故需补语。

-> He made Mary happy.(他使玛丽快乐。)
      ---- ---- -----
   * happy 为形容词,此处作宾语补语,使整句完整。

不完全及物动词的分类及用法

  • 使役动词
  • 知觉动词
  • 任命动词
  • 认定动词
  • 转变动词

使役动词

1) 叫……
  • make / have + 宾语 + 原型动词(作补语),例:

      I made him wash the car.(我叫他洗车。)
        ---- --- ------------
      I had John report to me.(我叫约翰向我报到。)
        --- ---- ------------
    
  • get sb to do someting,例:

      I got him to wash the car.(我叫他洗车。)
        --- --- ---------------
    

注意:

make 可使用于被动语态中,但 have 及 get 则不可。

He was made to wash the car. (他被要求洗车——也照做了。)

2) 让……
  • let + 宾语 + 原型动词(作宾语补语),例:

      I let him wash the car. (我让他洗车。)
        --- --- ------------
      I let Peter try it. (我让彼得试试看。)
        --- ----- ------
    
  • let + 宾语 + 作副词用的介词(in、out、down),例:

      He let me in. (他让我进来。)
         --- -- --
      His performance let me down. (他的表演令我失望。)
                      --- -- ----
    

注意:

上述介词由于其后无宾语,可单独存在作副词用,因此称为介副词。与地点副词(如 there、here、home)一样,介副词可作 be 动词之后的表语。

例:He is out. (他出去了。)

He is home. (他在家里。)

3) 强迫 / 要求 / 怂恿 / 催促……此类动词 + 宾语 + 不定式短语(作宾语补语),例:
    I asked him to write the letter. (我要求他写这封信。)
      ----- --- -------------------
    He told me to finish the work by ten. (他叫我10点钟以前做完这项工作。)
       ---- -- -------------------------

注意:

此类动词变被动语态时,仍用不定式短语作补语。

例:He was asked to write the letter. (他被请求写这封信。)

4)使……成为
  • 主语 + make + 宾语 + 形容词/名词(作宾语补语),例:

      His teacher made him a good student. (他的老师使他成为好学生。)
                  ---- --- --------------
      The trip made him happy. (这次旅行使他很愉快。)
               ---- --- -----
    

知觉动词

此类动词有三类:

  • 看:see、observe(观察)、watch(看)、look at(注视)、notice(注意)
  • 听:hear、listen to
  • 感觉:feel
1)表事实时,用原形动词作补语,译成“……了”,例:
I saw him dance. (我看见他跳舞了。)
  --- --- -----
I heard him sing. (我听见他唱歌了。)
  ----- --- ----
2)表进行状态时,用现在分词作补语,译成“……正在……。”,例:
I saw him dancing when I walked in. (我进来时,看见他正在跳舞。)
  --- --- -------
As I pushed the door open, I heard him singing. (我推开门时,听见他正在唱歌。)
                             ----- --- -------
3)表被动状态时,要用过去分词作补语,译成“……被……”,例:
I heard the door closed. (我听见门被关起来了。)
  ----- -------- ------
I felt myself lifted. (我感觉到自己被举起来了。)
  ---- ------ ------

注意:

以上三种补语变被动语态时,除原形动词要变成不定式短语之外,其余不变。例:

I saw him do it. = He was seen to do it. (我看见他做那件事。)

I saw him dancing. = He was seen dancing. (我看见他正在跳舞。)

I saw the dog run over by a car. = The dog was seen run over by a car. (我看见那只狗被车碾过。)

任命动词

此类动词多表“选举”、“指派”之意,其宾语之后接表职位的名词作补语,通常该名词之前要省略冠词。此类动词常用的有:

elect(选举)、assgin(指派)、appoint(任命),例:

We elected him chairman of the committee. (我们选他为委员会主席。)
   ------- --- --------
The colonel assigned him platoon leader. (上校指派他为排长。)
            -------- --- --------------

认定动词

此类动词均表“视……为”之意,加了宾语之后,用名词或形容词作宾语补语。

1)与介词连用者,例:
We regard/look upon/think of/see/view him as a genius. (我们都把他视为天才。)
   ---------------------------------- --- -----------
I mistook the long-haired boy for a girl. (我误将那长发的男孩视作女孩。)
  ------- ------------------- ----------

注意:

一般介词之后只能用名词、代词或动名词作宾语。但表“视……为”的动词与 as 或 for 连用时,它们之后除可接名词外,可直接接形容词作补语。例:

I regard his behavior as inappropriate. (我认为他的行为不当。)

2)与 to be 连用者,例:
We consider/deem/think him (to be) a genius. (我们认为他是天才。)
   ------------------- --- ----------------
We consider/deem/think him (to be) nice. (我们认为他人很好。)
   ------------------- --- ------------
3) think、believe、find、deem、consider 这五个动词作不完全及物动词时,不得直接用不定式短语作宾语,一定要用形式宾语 it 取代,译成“认为……是……”

主语 + think/believe/find/deem/consider + it + 宾语补语(n. 或 adj.)+ to V

I find it necessary to do the work. (我发觉做这件事是有必要的。)
       -- --------- --------------
I believe it worthwhile to study hard. (我相信用功是值得的。)
          -- ---------- -------------

注意:

find、believe、think、deem、consider 作不完全及物动词时,不得直接用 that 引导的名词性从句作宾语,一定要用形式宾语 it 取代。

转变动词

此类动词均表“使……变成……”之意,常用的有 change 与 turn 两个。通常要与介词 into 连用。例:

The experience turned/changed him into a good student. (这个经历使他变成好学生了。)
               -------------- --- ---- --------------

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