day 1
第一天的单词总结
1.per∙pet∙ual
adj.[usually before noun]continuing for a long period of time without interruption•不间断的；持续的；长久的【SYN】continuous:
2. as∙sert
verb to state clearly and firmly that sth is true•明确肯定；断言:
»She continued to assert that she was innocent.她仍然坚称自己无辜。
Synonyms:
assert,declare,affirm,protest,avow mean to state positively usually in anticipation of denial or objection.
assert implies stating confidently without need for proof or regard for evidence <assertedthat modern music is just noise>
declare stresses open or public statement <declared her support for the candidate>
affirm implies conviction based on evidence, experience, or faith <affirmed the existence of an afterlife>
protest emphasizes affirming in the face of denial or doubt <protested that he really had been misquoted>
avow stresses frank declaration and acknowledgment of personal responsibility forwhat is declare <avowed that all investors wouldbe repaid in full>
3. dis∙prove
verb[VN]•to show that sth is wrong or false证明…是错误(或虚假)的:
»The theory has now been disproved.这一理论现已证明是错误的。
SYN：refute
4. fals∙ify/5fC:lsifai/
to prove or declare false:disprove
5. Lay foundation for sth:为。。。奠定基础。
6.hy∙poth∙esis
noun(pl.hy∙poth∙eses/-si:z/ )
1.[C]an idea or explanation of sth that is based on a few known facts but that has not yet been proved to be true or correct(有少量事实依据但未被证实的)假说,假设 【SYN】theory: »to formulate / confirm a hypothesis提出/证实假设
2.[U]guesses and ideas that are not based on certain knowledge(凭空的)猜想,猜测【SYN】speculation:
»It would be pointless to engage in hypothesis before we have the facts.在我们还没掌握事实的情况下瞎猜是毫无意义的。
Synonyms:
hypothesis,theory,law mean a formula derived by inference from scientific data that explains a principle operatingin nature.
hypothesis implies insufficient evidence to provide more than a tentative explanation
theory implies a greater range ofevidence and greater likelihood of truth
law implies a statement of order andrelation in nature that has been found to be invariable under the sameconditions
7. specu∙la∙tive adj.
1. based on guessing or on opinions that have been formed without knowing allthe fact 推测的；猜测的；推断的
2. showing that you are trying to guess sth揣摩的；忖度的；试探的:
»She cast a speculative look at Kate.她带着疑问的眼神看了凯特一眼。
3. (of business activity商业活动) done in the hope of making a profit but involving the risk of losing money投机性的；风险性的
【n】speculation
8.com∙pel∙ling adj.
that makes you think it is true•令人信服的:
»compelling evidence有说服力的证据
SYN：convincing
9. make sense of something
to understand something that is complicated orunusual
We’ve been trying to make sense of our dreams.
10.in∙geni∙ous adj.
(of an object, a plan, an idea, etc.物体、计划、思想等) very suitable for a particular purpose and resulting from clever new ideas精巧的；新颖独特的；巧妙的:
»an ingenious device精巧的装置
»ingenious ways of saving energy节约能源的巧妙方法
11 .astronomer:天文学家astronomy
astronaut：宇航员
anatomist:解剖学家anatomy
chemist：化学家，药剂师
12.dis∙sectverb[VN]
1. to cut up a dead person, animal or plant in order to study it•解剖(人或动植物)
2. to study sth closely and / or discuss it in great detail仔细研究；详细评论；剖析:
»Her latest novel was dissected by the critics.评论家对她最近出版的一部小说作了详细剖析。
3. to divide sth into smaller pieces, areas, etc.把…分成小块:
»The city is dissected by a network of old canals.古老的运河网将这座城市分割开来。
dis∙sec∙tion/di5sekFn;dai-/noun[U, C]:
»anatomical dissection解剖分析
13.mag∙net/5mA^nEt/noun
1. a piece of iron that attracts objects made of iron towards it, eithernaturally or because of an electric current that is passed through it磁铁；磁石；吸铁石 loadstone：天然磁石
2.[usually sing.]~ (for sb / sth)aperson, place or thing that sb / sth is attracted to有吸引力的人(或地方、事物):
»In the 1990s the area became a magnet for new investment.这个地区在20世纪90年代成了新的投资热点。
12.millennium：
千禧年又名千福年，其概念源于基督教教义。最早的涵义可延伸至犹太人对来世的期待。千禧年的教义载于《新约》中《启示录》的第20章：千禧年是基督再度降临，撒旦被捆绑，死去的圣徒复活与还活着的圣徒一起被接升天，在天国与基督共同作王一千年，千禧年结束之后，基督和所有的圣徒以及圣城新耶路撒冷重返地球，那些失丧者会复活，撒旦会被暂时释放，被释放后的撒旦将招集所有的恶人进攻圣城新耶路撒冷，但是失败了，最后撒旦及其党羽并那些恶人被丢入硫磺火湖中。
早期概念
基督教的各教派对《圣经》中的这段文字有不同的解释。天主教会认为《圣经》上所说的千禧年，只是一段类似童话的叙述。他们认为世上的天国便是教会。当西罗马帝国灭亡，蛮族统治欧洲大陆时，许多人都相信西元1000年便是千禧年的开始。到了中世纪，千禧年的概念开始广为流行，一直到15世纪，一些教派团体提出千禧年主义，以此来对抗教会的权威。
近代概念
19世纪之后，随着人类理性的日渐成熟和科学技术的日益发展，千禧年被赋予全新的理念，成为人类开创新世界新纪元的里程碑。时至今日，第二度的千禧年【2000年】已经过去，各种庆祝千禧年的活动让人难忘。千禧年已从宗教上的涵义扩展为全人类的庆典活动，原本隐含的末世意味也被跨世纪的喜悦和期待所取代。
婴儿潮（baby boom），指的是在某一时期及特定地区，出生率大幅度提升的现象。
著名的婴儿潮
A．第二次世界大战结束之后的婴儿潮：由于远赴战场的男人解甲返乡，战后重建，工厂招工青睐有工作经验的中年女性，而年轻女性赋闲在家，可以安心育儿没有工作压力。
B．2000年千禧年的婴儿潮：这次的婴儿潮幅度不如战后婴儿潮。有几个原因造成这次的婴儿潮：1.许多夫妻想要利用这个一生只有一次的特别年份生个千禧宝宝，让宝宝在这特别的一年出生。2、2000年正逢中国农历年的龙年，在华人社会，龙年的出生率通常比较高，有「望子成龙，望女成凤」的期望。
新中国成立后共出现过三次婴儿潮
1、建国后不久就出现了第一次婴儿潮：当时，刚刚解放的新中国实行鼓励生育的政策，
2、第二次婴儿潮自1962年三年自然灾害结束后开始，这一波高峰在1965年，持续至1973年，是我国历史上出生人口最多、对后来经济影响最大的主力婴儿潮
3、进入1986~1990年，中国上一次“婴儿潮”新增人口已经成家立业，进入生育年龄，又产生了第三次婴儿潮，称作回声婴儿潮。
联合国千年发展目标：MillenniumDevelopment Goals (MDGs).
2000年9月，在联合国千年首脑会议上，世界各国领导人就消除贫穷、饥饿、疾病、文盲、环境恶化和对妇女的歧视，商定了一套有时限的目标和指标。即消灭极端贫穷和饥饿；普及小学教育；促进男女平等并赋予妇女权利；降低儿童死亡率；改善产妇保健；与艾滋病毒/艾滋病、疟疾和其他疾病作斗争；确保环境的可持续能力；全球合作促进发展。这些目标和指标被置于全球议程的核心，统称为千年发展目标(MDGs)。千年发展目标——从极端贫穷人口比例减半，遏止艾滋病毒/艾滋病的蔓延到普及小学教育，所有目标完成时间是2015年——这是一幅由全世界所有国家和主要发展机构共同展现的蓝图。这些国家和机构已全力以赴来满足全世界最穷人的需求。
15 .har∙bour
. to contain sth and allow it to develop包含；藏有:
»Your dishcloth can harbour many germs.洗碗布中可能藏有很多病菌。
16. daunt·ing\ˈdȯn-tiŋ\adjective
:tending to overwhelm or intimidate
17.chromosome：染色体
CRISPR: DNA编辑技术
GMO：genetically modified organism
名言：
If I have seen further, it is by standingon the shoulders of giants. --Isaac Newton
If you would be a real seeker of truth, itis necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, allthings. –Rene Descartes
I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seas hore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble…whilst thegreat ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me. --Isaac Newton
Realityis merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one. --Albert Einstein
DAY 2
第二天的逻辑图
DAY 3
第三天的总结作业
安妮讲解总结
1.Scienceis an ongoing search for truth -- a perpetual struggle to discover how the universe works that goes back to the earliest civilizations.
Here, go back tocan be replaced by commenced or dated back to. But commence emphasizeon the starting "point", and dates back to emphasize on a"fixed" date. Neither of these can give readers a vivid picture ofthe "continual" struggle.
Go back:it people go back to a particular length of time, they have known each other for that length of time:
We go back a longway. = we have been friends for a long time= we have a history.
Peter and I go back 25 years.
2.Aristotle wrote widely on scientific subjects and laid foundations for much of the work that has followed.
Form the basis for classical physics.
这两个都是“为…奠定基础”的意思
3. Pay attention to the logical connections between your sentences. Don't jump.
4. If one object had twice the weight of another, it would fall twice as fast.
倍数表达：twice as heavy as another
5. Form a theoryto explain what is going on and then carry out an experiment to see whether the theory works
Here, we can use evaluate,prove to replace work.
Use small, simple words.
Word choice should be based on the situations and the context.
6.Pick holes in the argument
7. The same object in orbit round the Sun.
There is no articles between in and orbit.
Out of shape,come back into shape
8. Bounce back off the paper-thin foil.
Rutherford said it was as though anartillery shell had bounced back off the tissue paper.
Bounce on the table.
He stepped off of the train.
9. An experiment is all the more compelling.
10. But one experiment that fails may bring the entire theory crashing down.
Disprove, falsify,
Overturn the Earth-centered model
Quash forever earlier theories that dated back 1400 years.
11. Hypothesis,theory, law
14. Almost every advance depends in some measure on previous works and theories.
To some extent, to some degree
15. The theory was in turn depended on the discovery of cathode rays in 1869.
16. Those could not have been found without the vacuum pump.
过去时态的虚拟语气。
判断是否有必要用虚拟语气，就看这件事发生的可能性的大小。若一件事几乎不可能发生，则不必要使用虚拟语气。
17. Set up amathematical school.
18. The West later rediscovered the works of the ancients, and learned of the"Arabic" numerals.
Works表示作品的时候，可以是复数；
In the works meansis being discussed, planed or prepared and will happen or exist soon.
It's already in the works.
learn of 表示听说、了解、知道，learn 表示学会。
20. This marked the birth of chemistry as a science,as distinct from the mystical alchemy from which it arose.
The first "as" means作为，the second as means "在此意义上，着重强调了这件事的意义，更进一层.
22. Soon a host of new gases were being investigated.
23. He opened up new fields of science,into which marched many otherscientists.
24. Palaeontology bacame fashionable as the remains of extinct creatures began to turn up.
Turn up= to be discovered
Show up emphasize主动出来，这里更偏向于中性的。
25. With the dinosaurs came ideas of evolution.倒装句式
26. His theory of relativity shaked classic physics.
27. Light was shown to act as both a particle and a wave.
这里由被动的被证明的意思。
28. The idea of blackholes began to take root.
Began to develop
29. some plants may even harbor life.
Harbor (n)海港（v）become a harbor to…成为…的海港，拥抱，包含
内容结构总结：
这篇文章主要首先是给出了一个科学的定义，接着讲了科学研究的方法：observation, form a theory, and do experiments。在接下里的部分主要是按照时间顺序，从古代、近代到现在科学史中具有里程碑意义的发现与理论的形成。而在在整个举例过程中，也体现了正确的科学研究方法、科学研究是循序渐进建立在前人研究基础上的、以及科技的发展对科学进步的促进作用。
感觉大家的风范就是在于用通俗易懂的语言把复杂的问题简单化、有趣化，深入浅出，带着你走进一个未知的世界。
语言：
这篇文章的语言初读起来确实没有什么难度，生词一方面是普通词汇可以通过常识和上下文基本推断出来，另一方面就是关于科学的生词。这方面的生词在查完字典知道中文意思之后也很好理解，可能因为是理科生还是有一些概念的吧。感觉语言方面自己收获最多的就是听了安妮的讲解。经过安妮老师把文章中的小词、短语提炼一番，感觉自己收获颇多。因为自己之前一贯的精读就是查找不认识的单词，反而对这种常见的、非常实用的短语有些忽视。
思维导图
说实话，第一天看完文章的时候对结构并没有一个准确的把握。第二天任务下来的时候也是第一时间看了安妮老师的导图，没有细看，但是几个标题就就给我拉出了一个和清楚的框架。但是等到自己上手开始做的时候，发现自己还是会过多的抓细节、抓例子，以至于自己作了两个小时，内容也显得比较臃肿。后来有对比了一下安妮老师的，发现老师对于例子的省略以及概括都比我精炼的多。所以思维导图的制作也是一门学问，可不是眼高手低的。
阅读反思
经过三天的反复阅读，语言方面收获颇丰。除此之外，对于阅读的理解也更加深刻了。若是以前，这样一篇关于科学的文章、而且里面还全是各种科学家的举例，我大概是略读一遍，最多查一些生单词，就放到一边了。但是经过安妮的引导，从这种文章中也能榨出许多有用的知识。也理解了热身阅读active reading中说的“the more active, the better”的意义。在第一天的单词中，我主要积累了普通单词类的生词；第二天的思维导图中，主要分析了文章的结构和文章中相关的科学事实的了解，并且听了安妮的讲解。现在的第三天，主要是对之前全部内容的总结和回顾。三天一篇文章看似量不大，但是真正去落实的话，每天还是要付出几个小时的。当然，精读1篇的效果也比略读3篇效果好的多。