Beyond Feelings - Chapter 6

What Is Evidence?

Summary

Kinds of Evidence

The most important kinds of evidence are personal experience, unpublished report, published report, eyewitness testimony, celebrity testimony, expert opinion, experiment, statistics, survey, formal observation, and research review.

Personal Experience 个人经历

评估个人经历是否足以支撑一个结论要确认:

1. 事情是典型代表性的还是独一无二的 ;

2. 这种相似的个人经验是否足够多,足以支撑结论。

Unpublished Report 未公开的消息

闲言碎语、小道消息。处理此类问题需要评估:

1. 起源在哪里?

2. 此版本正确吗?

Published Report 公开的消息

公开的消息包括学术文章,专业报刊和电视新闻评论等,其中学术文章更有参考意义,因为有文献出处。如果文章是非学术类,那就需要质疑文章的观点是否有出处、有证据支撑?

Eyewitness Testimony 亲眼所见

即使亲眼所见也可能与真相有偏差,眼见不一定为实。与环境和个人状态有关。要考虑到记忆的欺骗性、心理活动造成认知的偏差。

Celebrity Testimony 名人的观点

评估名人说话是否可信要确认名人是否有偿代言,有时候名人不会对自己的言论负责。

Expert Opinion 专家观点

专家观点不一定可信,在听取专家意见之前,我们需要确认专家是否在此领域有专长,是否使用最新研究成果,是否受雇发言,是否有其他权威专家同意他的观点。

Experiment 实验

实验有两种:

1. laboratory 实验室实验

有一些实验可以人工模拟,所以我们的检验方法就是判断实验是否可重复,实验人员可否更换。

2. filed 野外现场试验

缺陷:研究者会影响被实验的对象,造成结果偏离,检验方法: 是否有另一个独立研究者对实验结果进行确认。

Statistics 统计数据

统计也并非可靠,要确定:

1 数据的来源?

2 数据统计的方法?

Survey 问卷

样本的代表性、问题描述是否清楚、问题是否有某种倾向性、调查任务是否有普遍性、是否有其他调查可以辅助证明本实验结果?

Formal Observation 正式观察

Research Review 研究评价

Evaluating Evidence

How  can  you  tell  when  bias  is  hindering  your  evaluation  of  evidence? Look for one or more of these signs:

• You approach your evaluation wanting one side to be proved right.

• You begin your investigation assuming that familiar views will prove correct.

• You look for evidence that supports the side of the issue you favor and ignore evidence that opposes it.

• You rate sources by how favorable they are to your thinking rather than by their reliability and the quality of their research.

• You are nitpickingly critical of evidence for views you oppose and uncritical of evidence for views you favor.

• When you encounter evidence that opposes your bias, you begin arguing against it, often before you have completed examining it.

What Constitutes Sufficient Evidence?

1. Evidence is sufficient when it permits a judgment to be made with certainty.

2. If certainty is unattainable, evidence is sufficient if one view of the issue has been shown to have the force of probability.

3. In all other cases, the evidence must be considered insufficient.

Thought

成长的一个表现就是质疑,越是成熟的人,越是不容易相信他人,因为他们有高效处理论据的能力,可以通过自己的判断明辨是非。只是遗憾的是很多人都不成熟,让骗子拥有可乘之机。轻信是一种善良,也是一种无知。

在上写作课的时候我常说论据要真实可信,越是正式的文本,对论据真实性要求越高,毕竟论据越是真实,论证就越是可信。凡事都有两面性,若想提出“一边倒”的言论,就离不开对论据的选择和对写作的把控。了解了论据的作用和写作方法后,不仅能写出令人信服的议论文,还能让我们更有效地阅读,透过现象看本质。

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