通过swift的错误处理窥视其设计理念

案例

先来看一个例子

enum VendingMachineError: ErrorType {
    case InvalidSelection
    case OutOfStock
}

struct Item {
    var price: Int
    var count: Int
}

class VendingMachine {
    var inventory = [
        "Candy Bar": Item(price: 12, count: 7),
        "Chips": Item(price: 10, count: 4),
        "Pretzels": Item(price: 7, count: 11)
    ]
    
    var coinsDeposited = 0
    func vend(itemName name: String) throws {
        guard var item = inventory[name] else {
            throw VendingMachineError.InvalidSelection
        }
        guard item.count > 0 else {
            throw VendingMachineError.OutOfStock
        }
    }
}

func buyFavoritesSnack(person: String, vendingMachine: VendingMachine) {
    let snckName = "Candy Bar"
    
 do {
        try vendingMachine.vend(itemName: snckName)
    } catch VendingMachineError.InvalidSelection {
         print("Invalid Selection.")
    } catch VendingMachineError.OutOfStock {
         print("Invalid OutOfStock.")
    } 
    
}

在playground中运行会提示以下报错,但在do-try-catch中已经对定义的每种Error都进行了处理,为何还会提示没有穷举全部的Errors呢

Errors throws from here are not handled because the enclosing catch is not exhaustive

分析

在Swift2 error handling 模型中,有两个重要的关键点:

  1. exhaustiveness(穷举)
  2. resiliency(弹性)

两者一起决定了do-catch需要处理所有可能的error,而不仅是自已定义的。上述例子中func vend 只是声明会抛出异常,并没有指明具体是异常种类。不允许指明具体异常体现了弹性的设计理念。假设将来出于其它目的增加了异常的种类,不希望每个调用方法的地方都要修改catch。调用者由于不知道vend会抛出种异常。基于穷举的设计理念,在catch自定义的error外,还要处理未知的error。

    do {
        try vendingMachine.vend(itemName: snckName)
    } catch VendingMachineError.InvalidSelection {
         print("Invalid Selection.")
    } catch VendingMachineError.OutOfStock {
         print("Invalid OutOfStock.")
    } catch VendingMachineError.InsufficientFunds(let coinsNeeded) {
         print("Invalid InsufficientFunds: \(coinsNeeded)")
    } catch { //一定要增加处理未知error的通用catch 语句
        print("universal error")
    }

One More Thing

对于调用者来说,使用上面自定义的异常时,在每个catch处都要处理异常描述。意味着将来如果异常改变时,每个调用者也都要变,不够resiliency

比较好的做法是集中化处理Error描述:

extension VendingMachineError: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        switch self {
        case .InvalidSelection: return "InvalidSelection"
        case .OutOfStock: return "OutOfStock"
        }
    }
}

加了这个extension后,调用者catch的异常就可以集中交给自己处理:

do {
        try vendingMachine.vend(itemName: snckName)
    } catch let error as VendingMachineError {
         print(error.description)
    } catch {
        print("I dunno")
    }

总结

Swift为了减少运行时的错误率,其异常处理机制要求我们必须处理出全部的异常,包括已知和未知的。同时又巧妙地添加了弹性特性,尽量减少修改代码对程序的影响。

参考资料: [swift-do-try-catch-syntax](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/30720497/
swift-do-try-catch-syntax)

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