2016年5月全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试
英语三级《笔译实务》试卷
Section 1: English-Chinese Translation (50 points)
Translate the following passage into Chinese.
Old people in Thiengoly say they can remember when there were so many trees that you couldn’t see the sky. Now, miles of reddish-brown sand surround this village in northwestern Senegal, dotted with occasional bushes and trees. Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is.
Overgrazing and climate change are the major causes of the Sahara’s advance, said Gilles Boetsch, an anthropologist who directs a team of French scientists working with Senegalese researchers in the region.“The local Peul people are herders, often nomadic. But the pressure of the herds on the land has become too great,” Mr. Boetsch said in an interview. “The vegetation can’t regenerate itself.”
Since 2008, however, Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert. Each year it has planted some two million seedling trees along a 545-kilometer, or 340-mile, ribbon of land that is the country’s segment of a major pan-African regeneration project, the Great Green Wall.First proposed in 2005, the program links Senegal and 10 other Saharan states in an alliance to plant a 15 kilometer-wide, 7,100-kilometer-long green belt to fend off the desert. While many countries have still to start on their sections of the barrier, Senegal has taken the lead, with the creation of a National Agency for the Great Green Wall.
“This semi-arid region is becoming less and less habitable. We want to make it possible for people to continue to live here,” Col. Pap Sarr, the agency’s technical director, said in an interview here. Colonel Sarr has forged working alliances between Senegalese researchers and the French team headed by Mr. Boetsch, in fields as varied as soil microbiology, ecology, medicine and anthropology. “In Senegal we hope to experiment with different ways of doing things that will benefit the other countries as they become more active,” the colonel said. Each year since 2008, from May to June, about 400 people are employed in eight nurseries, choosing and overseeing germination of seeds and tending the seedlings until they are ready for planting. In August, 1,000 people are mobilized to plant out rows of seedlings, about 2 million plants, allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in.
After their first dry season, the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80 percent survive. Six years on, trees planted in 2008 are up to three meters, or 10 feet, tall. So far, 30,000 hectares, or about 75,000 acres, have been planted, including 4,000 hectares this summer.
There are already discernible impacts on the microclimate, said Jean-Luc Peiry, a physical geography professor at the Université Blaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, France, who has placed 30 sensors to record temperatures in some planted parcels.“Preliminary results show that clumps of four to eight small trees can have an important impact on temperature,” Professor Peiry said in an interview. “The transpiration of the trees creates a microclimate that moderates daily temperature extremes.” “The trees also have an important role in slowing the soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara,” he added. Wildlife is responding to the changes. “Migratory birds are reappearing,” Mr. Boetsch said.
The project uses eight groundwater pumping stations built in 1954, before Senegal achieved its independence from France in 1960. The pumps fill giant basins that provide water for animals, tree nurseries and gardens where fruit and vegetables are grown.
Section 2: Chinese-English Translation (50 points)
Translate the following passage into English.
健康是促进人的全面发展的必然要求。提高人民健康水平，实现病有所医的理想，是人类社会的共同追求。在中国这个有着13亿多人口的发展中大国，医疗卫生关系亿万人民健康，是一个重大民生问题。
中国高度重视保护和增进人民健康。宪法规定，国家发展医疗卫生事业，发展现代医药和传统医药，保护人民健康。
多年来，中国坚持“以农村为重点，预防为主，中西医并重，依靠科技与教育，动员全社会参与，为人民健康服务，为社会主义现代化建设服务”的卫生工作方针，努力发展具有中国特色的医疗卫生事业。经过不懈努力，覆盖城乡的医疗卫生服务体系基本形成，疾病防治能力不断增强，医疗保障覆盖人口逐步扩大，卫生科技水平日益提高，居民健康水平明显改善。
随着中国工业化、城市化进程和人口老龄化趋势的加快，居民健康面临着传染病和慢性病的双重威胁，公众对医疗卫生服务的需求日益提高。与此同时，中国卫生资源特别是优质资源短缺、分布不均衡的矛盾依然存在，医疗卫生事业改革与发展的任务十分艰巨。
2016年5月英语三级笔译真题参考答案
英译汉
大师兄点评：
原文标题：Senegal Helps Plant a Great Green Wall to Fend Off Dessert
原文链接：http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/19/business/energy-environment/senegal-great-green-wall-sahara-desert.html
2016年5月英语三级笔译英译汉来自《纽约时报》，英语二级笔译英译汉第一篇也是出自该报纸。原文标题为《塞内加尔参与构筑绿色长城抵御沙漠侵袭》。本文讲述的是塞内加尔在植树治沙方面的努力。由于过度放牧和气候变化导致撒哈拉沙漠不断在非洲扩张，为抵御沙漠扩张，一个“绿色长城”工程诞生。作为塞内加尔治沙的一部分，该国每年种植大量树苗来构建防护屏障。本文字数为610词，难度略高于2015年11月和5月以及2014年的真题难度。
第一段中“there were so many trees that you couldn’t see the sky”直译为“树木多得看不见填空”，汉语中的成语“遮天蔽日”用在此处最为恰当，即“树木多得遮天蔽日”。最后一句“Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is”实际上是省略，即“..... but hardly any dried grass is scattered everywhere”，翻译为“……但干枯的草却很难到处可见”。
第二段中“the major causes of the Sahara’s advance”翻译稍有难度，关键在于单词“advance”，该词的意思是“前进”，可以译为“撒哈拉沙漠的扩张的原因”。
第三段中“Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert”稍有难度，单词“encroach”为“侵犯，侵蚀”，翻译为“不断侵袭的沙漠”。本段最后一句中短语“take the lead”为“领先，走在前列”。
第四段最后一句“allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in”中短语“take root”为“生根，扎根”，“set in”为“（不好事物）扎根”。
第五段第一句“.....the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80 percent survive”翻译稍有难度。本句中含有一个独立主格的结构，根据上下文的语境，本句可以译为“在经历了第一个旱季之后，这些小树苗看上去都枯死了，只剩棕色的枝条从地上的洞中凸出来，但80%的树苗都会存活”。
第六段中“The trees also have an important role in slowing the soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara”翻译难度较大。其中“act like”与“play an important role”意思相近，需要把其中之一翻译成其他表达。“acting like a large rough doormat”翻译为“起到粗糙的地垫作用”，而“play an important role”可翻译为“在……方面功不可没”。最后的从句是现在分词做结果状语。
大师兄翻硕译文：
司恩高利村的老人们常说，他们记得曾经该村周边树木多得遮天蔽日。如今，司恩高利这个塞内加尔西北小村已被绵延数英里的红棕色沙子包围，沙子上零星散布着灌木丛和树丛。干结的动物粪便到处都是，但干枯的草却很难到处可见。
过度放牧和气候变化是导致撒哈拉沙漠扩张的主要原因，人类学家吉勒思·波特舍这样说道，他带领的一队法国科学家正和塞内加尔研究员一道在此开展研究工作。“当地的颇耳族人以放牧为生，且常常是流动放牧。但是畜群对草地带来的压力太大以致于植被无法复生，”波特舍先生在一次采访中说道。
不过，塞内加尔自2008年起就一直抗击不断扩张的沙漠的侵袭。每年，该国将约200万株树苗沿545千米（约340英里）长的狭长地带栽种，这块狭长地带是“绿色长城”这一泛非洲植被再生工程在塞内加尔境内的部分。“绿色长城”这一工程在2005年被提出，它将塞内加尔和其他10个地处撒哈拉的国家联接成同盟来通过植树创建一个15千米宽、7100千米长的绿化带，以此阻挡沙漠的扩张。随着主管其境内的“绿色长城”工程的一个国家级机构的成立，塞内加尔在植树治沙方面已经走在了前列，而许多国家甚至都还没有着手建设它们境内的绿化带屏障。
“这个半干燥地区正变得越来越不适宜居住。我们想让人们还能够继续在此居住，”帕萨上校在一次采访中说道，他是这个新成立的机构的技术主任。萨上校已促成塞内加尔研究人员和波特舍领导的法国科学家团队在土壤微生物学、生态学、药学和人类学方面组成研究联盟。萨上校说：“随着其他国家变得更积极起来，我们希望塞内加尔尝试的不同治沙方式能让这些国家受益”。自2008年起，每年4月到6月，约400名工人会受雇于8个苗圃室，他们要挑选种子、照看种子的发芽，然后修剪幼苗直到这些幼苗能用于载种。到了8月，1000多人将被调动来栽种一排排树苗，约200万株，这就使得这些树苗在漫长而干燥的旱季到来前能有足足两个月的雨季来扎根。
在经历了第一个旱季之后，这些小树苗看上去都枯死了，只剩棕色的枝条从地上的洞中凸出来，但80%的树苗都会存活。6年之后，这些2008年栽下的树苗已经长到了3米之高（约10英寸）。迄今已有30000公顷，约75000英亩的地带已经栽上了树木，其中4000亩是今年夏天栽种的。
“植树对微气候的影响已经显现，”法国克莱蒙费朗市布莱斯•帕斯卡大学物理地理学教授让·吕克·派瑞说道，他在一些已经栽种了树木的地带放置了30个传感器来记录温度变化。
2016年5月英语三级笔译真题参考答案
汉译英
大师兄点评：
2016年5月英语三级笔译的汉译英节选自中华人民共和国国务院2012年12月发布的《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书。其中节选了该白皮书的前言段和结语段。本文416字，稍有难度。尤其是第三段中的【中国坚持“以农村为重点，预防为主，中西医并重，依靠科技与教育，动员全社会参与，为人民健康服务，为社会主义现代化建设服务”的卫生工作方针】这个长句不好处理。
第二段第一句“中国高度重视中国高度重视保护和增进人民健康”中的“高度重视”是在笔译中较为常见，它的翻译有三种“attach importance to / pay much attention to / value sth highly”。第二句“宪法规定，国家发展医疗卫生事业，发展现代医药和传统医药，保护人民健康”中的“宪法规定”有机构翻译为“As the Constitution stipulates”，大师兄认为翻译成“It has been enshrined in the Constitution that...”更好，单词enshrine为“庄严载入”，具有褒义色彩。此外，第一句和第二句存在一定的逻辑关系，第二句可以视为第一句的具体体现，所以两句之间可以加上“For example”，这样译文就更为自然流畅。
第三段的第一句中比较难处理，本句包含了7个并列的小句，且几个小句翻译都有难度，大师兄的翻译与官方译文句型一样，但在表达上略有不同。比如，“以农村为重点”网络译文为“making rural areas the focus of our work”。大师兄认为这里需要解释性翻译，即“农村的医疗是中国医疗体系的重点”，翻译为“health service in rural areas being the centerpiece/key part of its effort”。
第四段第一句【随着中国工业化、城市化进程和人口老龄化趋势的加快，居民健康面临着传染病和慢性病的双重威胁】大师兄认为可以将前半句作为“独立主格结构”，第二句为作主句，第三句作为“定语从句”。即“With the pace of China's industrialization and urbanization accelerating and the population being increasingly aging, the Chinese people are confronted with the dual threats posed by infectious diseases and chronic diseases, for which there’s a great demand for health care service among the public”。
官方译文：
Good health is a prerequisite for promoting all-round development of the person. And it is a common pursuit of human societies to improve people's health and ensure their right to medical care. For China, a large developing country, medical and healthcare is of vital importance to its population of over 1.3 billion, and is a major issue concerning its people's well being.
China pays great attention to protecting and improving its people's health. As the Constitution stipulates, "The state develops medical and health services, promotes modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine..., all for the protection of the people's health."
Over the years, China has worked hard to develop its medical and health services with Chinese characteristics in accordance with the policy of "making rural areas the focus of our work, putting disease prevention first, supporting both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, relying on science, technology and education, and mobilizing the whole of society to join the efforts, improving the people's health and serving socialist modernization." Thanks to unremitting efforts that have been made, medical and healthcare systems covering both urban and rural residents have taken shape, the capabilities of disease prevention and control have been enhanced, the coverage of medical insurance has expanded, continuous progress has been made in medical science and technology, and the people's health has been remarkably improved.
With the quickened pace of the country's industrialization and urbanization, as well as its increasingly aging population, the Chinese people are facing the dual health threats of infectious and chronic diseases, and the public needs better medical and health services. In the meantime, problems still exist regarding China's health resources, especially the shortage of high-quality resources and the unbalanced distribution of those resources. China has arduous tasks ahead for reforming and developing its medical and health services.
大师兄翻硕参考译文：
Good health is a prerequisite for the all-round development of a man. To improve people’s health and ensure their access to health care is a goal being pursued by all societies. Health care, which has a direct bearing on people’s health, is a real public concern in China, a large developing country with a population of 1.3 billion.
China attaches great importance/pays much attention to protecting and improving people’s health. For example, it has been enshrined in/written into the constitution that for the sake of people’s health, the state has an obligation to develop the health care system and promote modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.
Over the years, China has been working hard to build a health care system with Chinese characteristics, sticking to the principles of “health service in rural areas being the centerpiece/key part of its effort; disease prevention being putting first; traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine being equally emphasized; science, technology and education being the ways by which the system is created; all members of the society being encouraged to contribute to the system; the system being for the health of the public and China’s socialist modernization ”. After years of relentless efforts, China has basically built a health care system covering both rural and urban residents and has constantly improved its ability to prevent and cure diseases as well as its medical technologies, with medical insurance covering an ever-increasing number of people and people’s health being markedly improved.
With the pace of China's industrialization and urbanization accelerating and the population being increasingly aging, the Chinese people are confronted with the dual threat posed by infectious diseases and chronic diseases, for which there’s a great demand for health care service among the public. In the meantime, the problems of the lack of medical resources, high-quality ones in particular and the distribution of medical resources being uneven still persist, which means that China has a daunting task of reforming and improving its health care system.