python3 井字棋 GUI - 人机对战、机器对战 (threading、tkinter库)

python3 井字棋 GUI - 人机对战、机器对战

功能

  1. GUI界面
  2. 人机对战(可选择机器先走)
  3. 机器对战(50局)
流程图

python3 井字棋 GUI - 人机对战、机器对战 (threading、tkinter库)_第1张图片

内核

棋盘

[0][1][2]
[3][4][5]
[6][7][8]
最佳下棋顺序:

best_way = [4,0,2,6,8,1,3,5,7]

估价函数(以X为对象)

  1. 可以赢的行数 +1
  2. 可以赢的行数上有自己的棋子 +2
  3. 可导致自己赢 +2
  4. 可导致对手赢 -2

判断赢局

win_chess = [[0,4,8],[2,4,6],[0,1,2],[3,4,5],[6,7,8],[0,3,6],[1,4,7],[2,5,8]]

人机对战流程

人(X)点击某个格子,触发绑定事件

  1. 判断该格子是否有子,无子继续
  2. 设置该格子为 1
  3. 判断X是否赢了,没有继续,有X赢
  4. 判断棋盘是否无子可下,有继续,没有平局
  5. 轮到机器下棋
  6. 判断O是否差一子便可赢,有则对应格子,无则继续
  7. 判断O是否处于危险状态,即对方只差一子赢棋,有则选择该格子,无则继续
  8. 机器选择最佳格子
  9. 判断输赢并判断是有无子可下,循环

机器对战流程

  1. 随机产生先下棋者
  2. 第一颗棋子随机下
  3. 各自判断最佳走法
  4. 判断输赢即棋盘是否无子可下
  5. 循环

总结

1. 学习了python threading库的用法

线程的使用:

    id = 1
    th = []
    for i in range(50):
        id = id * -1
        try:
            th.append(threading.Thread(target=run,args=(i,id)))
            th[i].start()
        except Exception as e:
            print(e)
            i = i - 1

2. 学习了python tkinter库的用法

tkinter的mianloop做为主线程尽量避免被阻塞,以免界面卡死

创建窗口:

top = tk.Tk()#创建窗口
top.title('井字棋 -> Fighting')#标题
top.geometry("300x300")#大小
top.resizable()#可改变大小

创建Frame:

frame_top = tk.Frame(top)#top是上层

创建按钮:

tk.Button(frame_top,text='人机对决',command=but1).pack(side=tk.LEFT)

创建labe:

label1 = tk.Label(frame_cont,justify=tk.CENTER,textvariable=show_str,font=("幼圆",30))

显示可刷新变量:

tips = tk.StringVar(top)    #提示信息
tips.set("")#设置显示内容
label_bottom = tk.Label(frame_bot,justify=tk.CENTER,textvariable=tips,font=("幼圆",20),padx=0)#设置显示的值为tips

绑定事件及解绑:

    l0.bind("", touch_l0)#绑定
    l0.unbind("")#解绑

布局:

l0.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
frame_top.pack()

开启消息循环:

top.mainloop()

代码

运行截图

python3 井字棋 GUI - 人机对战、机器对战 (threading、tkinter库)_第2张图片

python3 井字棋 GUI - 人机对战、机器对战 (threading、tkinter库)_第3张图片

python3 井字棋 GUI - 人机对战、机器对战 (threading、tkinter库)_第4张图片

python3 井字棋 GUI - 人机对战、机器对战 (threading、tkinter库)_第5张图片

python3 井字棋 GUI - 人机对战、机器对战 (threading、tkinter库)_第6张图片

python3 井字棋 GUI - 人机对战、机器对战 (threading、tkinter库)_第7张图片

待修复问题

  1. 若产生平局会导致该线程卡死 , 即count_z无法计算,并造成卡顿
  2. 程序优化不够,代码较为杂乱
  3. 上一个问题导致通过GUI关闭程序会有进程仍在跑,需要用任务管理器关闭
  4. 先走角落易赢,机器走法单一,即下面情况
X _ O 
O O _
X X X

补充:之前之所以会卡,是因为在计算下一步时,如果只剩下3或2个格子时,无法返回下一步的值,导致棋没有下,外层循环又是while True,便导致死循环。针对这个问题我添加了具体的改进,已修复。

运行 gui.py 即可

chess.py 内核部分

#coding=utf-8
"""
[0,1,2]
[3,4,5]
[6,7,8]
"""

#胜利的走法
win_chess = [[0,4,8],[2,4,6],[0,1,2],[3,4,5],[6,7,8],[0,3,6],[1,4,7],[2,5,8]]
#最佳下棋顺序
best_way = [4,0,2,6,8,1,3,5,7]
#棋盘
chess = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]

def is_win(now_chess,who):
    """
    判断游戏方(who)是否赢局
    """
    temp = now_chess[:]
    for w_c in win_chess:
        if temp[w_c[0]] == who and temp[w_c[1]] == who and temp[w_c[2]] == who :
            return who
    return 0

def count_zero(now_chess):
    """
    统计剩余格子
    返回个数
    """
    temp = now_chess[:]
    count = 0
    for te in temp:
        if te == 0:
            count = count + 1
    return count

def evaluation(now_chess):
    """
    估价函数(以X为对象)
    可以赢的行数 +1
    可以赢的行数上有自己的棋子 +2
    可导致自己赢 +2
    可导致对手赢 -2
    """
    temp = now_chess[:]
    count = 0
    for w_c in win_chess:
        if temp[w_c[0]] >= 0 and temp[w_c[1]] >= 0 and temp[w_c[2]] >= 0 :
            if temp[w_c[0]] == 1 or temp[w_c[1]] == 1 or temp[w_c[2]] == 1 :
                count += 1
            count += 1
    if is_win(temp,1) == 1:
        count = count + 2
    if is_win(temp,-1) == -1:
        count = count - 2
    return count

def all_go(now_chess,who):
    """
    遍历所有走法
    """
    temp = now_chess[:]
    tempp = []
    for i in best_way:
        if temp[i] == 0:
            temppp = temp[:]
            temppp[i]=who
            tempp.append([temppp,i])
    return tempp

def get_next_x(now_chess,who):
    """
    x获取下一个位置
    """
    temp = now_chess[:]
    best_list = None
    best_one = -1
    if count_zero(temp) <= 3 :
        for te in all_go(temp,who):
            if best_one == -1:
                best_list = te[0]
                best_one = te[1]
            else :
                if evaluation(te[0]) > evaluation(best_list):
                    best_list = te[0]
                    best_one = te[1]
        return best_one
    for te in all_go(temp,who):
        for tee in all_go(te[0],who*-1):
            for teee in all_go(tee[0],who):
                if best_list is None:
                    best_list = teee[0]
                    best_one = te[1]
                else:
                    if evaluation(teee[0]) > evaluation(best_list) :
                        best_list = teee[0]
                        best_one = te[1]
    return best_one

def get_next_o(now_chess,who):
    """
    o获取下一个位置
    """
    temp = now_chess[:]
    best_list = None
    best_one = -1
    if count_zero(temp) <= 2 :
        for te in all_go(temp,who):
            if best_one == -1:
                best_list = te[0]
                best_one = te[1]
            else :
                if evaluation(te[0]) < evaluation(best_list):
                    best_list = te[0]
                    best_one = te[1]
        return best_one
    for te in all_go(temp,who):
        for tee in all_go(te[0],who*-1):
            if best_list is None:
                best_list = tee[0]
                best_one = te[1]
            else:
                if evaluation(tee[0]) < evaluation(best_list) :
                    best_list = tee[0]
                    best_one = te[1]
    return best_one

def is_danger(now_chess,who=0):
    """
    判断自己是否处于危险状态(即 对手可能已经差一子赢局)
    """
    temp = now_chess[:]
    for te in all_go(temp,who*-1):
        if is_win(te[0],who*-1) == who*-1:
            return te[1]
    return -1

if __name__ == "__main__":
    """
    测试用
    """
    chess = [0,0,0,\
            0,1,0,\
            0,0,0]
    #print(get_next_old(chess,-1,1))
    #print(all_go(chess,1))
    print(get_next_o(chess,-1))

gui.py 图形及控制 部分

#coding=utf-8
"""
"""
import tkinter as tk
import time
import threading
import random
import chess

init_chess = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]    #原始棋盘
the_chess = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]    #记录棋盘
show_chess = ''
flag = True
who = 1
count_x = 0
count_y = 0
count_z = 0

top = tk.Tk()
top.title('井字棋 -> Fighting')
top.geometry("300x300")
top.resizable()
show_str = tk.StringVar(top)
tips = tk.StringVar(top)    #提示信息

#初始化棋盘信息
ch = []
for i in range(9):
    ch.append(tk.StringVar(top))

#初始化提示信息
tips.set("")

frame_top = tk.Frame(top)
frame_cont = tk.Frame(top)
frame_bot = tk.Frame(top)
frame_cont1 = tk.Frame(frame_cont)
frame_cont2 = tk.Frame(frame_cont)
frame_cont3 = tk.Frame(frame_cont)

label1 = tk.Label(frame_cont,justify=tk.CENTER,textvariable=show_str,font=("幼圆",30))

# 棋盘显示label 0~9
l0 = tk.Label(frame_cont1,textvariable=ch[0],font=("幼圆",30),padx=0)
l1 = tk.Label(frame_cont1,textvariable=ch[1],font=("幼圆",30),padx=0)
l2 = tk.Label(frame_cont1,textvariable=ch[2],font=("幼圆",30),padx=0)

l3 = tk.Label(frame_cont2,textvariable=ch[3],font=("幼圆",30),padx=0)
l4 = tk.Label(frame_cont2,textvariable=ch[4],font=("幼圆",30),padx=0)
l5 = tk.Label(frame_cont2,textvariable=ch[5],font=("幼圆",30),padx=0)

l6 = tk.Label(frame_cont3,textvariable=ch[6],font=("幼圆",30),padx=0)
l7 = tk.Label(frame_cont3,textvariable=ch[7],font=("幼圆",30),padx=0)
l8 = tk.Label(frame_cont3,textvariable=ch[8],font=("幼圆",30),padx=0)

label_bottom = tk.Label(frame_bot,justify=tk.CENTER,textvariable=tips,font=("幼圆",20),padx=0)

def update_chess():
    """
    更新棋盘
    """
    for i in range(9):
        if the_chess[i] == 1 :
            ch[i].set('|X|')
        elif the_chess[i] == -1 :
            ch[i].set('|O|')
        else :
            ch[i].set('| |')
        #print(i)

def init_ch():
    """
    初始化棋盘
    """
    for i in range(9):
        the_chess[i] = init_chess[i]
    update_chess()
    return the_chess

def ai_go_first():
    if chess.count_zero(the_chess) == 9:
        the_chess[random.randint(0,8)] = -1
    update_chess()
    forget()

ai_go_fir_b = tk.Button(frame_cont,text='机器先下',command=ai_go_first)

def forget():
    ai_go_fir_b.pack_forget()

def but1():
    """
    人机对战
    """
    flag = True
    init_ch()
    tips.set("人机对战模式")
    l0.bind("", touch_l0)
    l1.bind("", touch_l1)
    l2.bind("", touch_l2)
    l3.bind("", touch_l3)
    l4.bind("", touch_l4)
    l5.bind("", touch_l5)
    l6.bind("", touch_l6)
    l7.bind("", touch_l7)
    l8.bind("", touch_l8)
    ai_go_fir_b.pack(side=tk.TOP)

def run(i,id):
    """
    创建一个机器对打局
    """
    new_chess = init_chess[:]
    global count_x
    global count_y
    global count_z
    if id == 1 :
        new_chess[random.randint(0,8)] = -1
    else :
        new_chess[random.randint(0,8)] = 1
    x = 0
    for x in range(10):
        if chess.count_zero(new_chess) > 0 :
            #print(chess.count_zero(new_chess))
            if id == 1:
                #print('*****')
                #print(chess.get_next_x(new_chess,id))
                pos = chess.get_next_x(new_chess,id)
                if pos != -1 :
                    new_chess[int(chess.get_next_x(new_chess,id))] = id
                else :
                    for xx in range(9):
                        if new_chess[xx] == 0 :
                            new_chess[xx] = id
            else :
                pos = chess.get_next_o(new_chess,id)
                if pos != -1 :
                    new_chess[int(chess.get_next_o(new_chess,id))] = id
                else :
                    for xx in range(9):
                        if new_chess[xx] == 0 :
                            new_chess[xx] = id
            id = id * -1
            if chess.is_win(new_chess,id) == id :
                name = ''
                if id == 1 :
                    name = 'X'
                    update_chess()
                    print("第 {} 局 : {} 赢了!".format(i+1,name) + ' ' + str(new_chess))
                    tips.set("第 {} 局 : {} 赢了!".format(i+1,name))
                    threading.Lock()
                    count_x = count_x + 1
                    threading.RLock()
                    time.sleep(3)
                    break
                else :
                    name = 'O'
                    update_chess()
                    print("第 {} 局 : {} 赢了!".format(i+1,name) + ' ' + str(new_chess))
                    tips.set("第 {} 局 : {} 赢了!".format(i+1,name))
                    threading.Lock()
                    count_y = count_y + 1
                    threading.RLock()
                    time.sleep(3)
                    break
            elif chess.is_win(new_chess,id*-1) == id*-1 :
                id = id * -1
                name = ''
                if id == 1 :
                    name = 'X'
                    print("第 {} 局 : {} 赢了!".format(i+1,name) + ' ' + str(new_chess))
                    tips.set("第 {} 局 : {} 赢了!".format(i+1,name))
                    threading.Lock()
                    count_x = count_x + 1
                    threading.RLock()
                    break
                else :
                    name = 'O'
                    print("第 {} 局 : {} 赢了!".format(i+1,name) + ' ' + str(new_chess))
                    tips.set("第 {} 局 : {} 赢了!".format(i+1,name))
                    threading.Lock()
                    count_y = count_y + 1
                    threading.RLock()
                    break
            elif chess.count_zero(new_chess) == 0:
                print("第 {} 局 : 平局".format(i+1) + ' ' + str(new_chess))
                tips.set("第 {} 局 : 平局".format(i+1))
                threading.Lock()
                count_z = count_z + 1
                threading.RLock()
                break
            else :
                pass
        else :
            print("第 {} 局 : 平局".format(i+1) + ' ' + str(new_chess))
            tips.set("第 {} 局 : 平局".format(i+1))
            threading.Lock()
            count_z = count_z + 1
            threading.RLock()
            break
    #print(str(i + 1) + ' ' + str(new_chess))
    '''if i == 9:
        print("第 {} 局 : 平局".format(i+1) + ' ' + str(new_chess))
        tips.set("第 {} 局 : 平局".format(i+1))
        threading.Lock()
        count_z = count_z + 1
        threading.RLock()'''
    time.sleep(3)
    for i in range(9):
        the_chess[i] = new_chess[i]
    update_chess()
    threading.Lock()
    tips.set("50局已经结束!\nX 共赢 {}次\nO 共赢 {}次\n平局 {} 次".format(count_x,count_y,count_z))
    threading.RLock()

def but2():
    """
    机器对战
    """
    print(" ")
    ai_go_fir_b.pack_forget()
    flag = False
    global count_x
    global count_y
    global count_z
    count_x = 0
    count_y = 0
    count_z = 0
    init_ch()
    tips.set("机器对战模式")
    l0.unbind("")
    l1.unbind("")
    l2.unbind("")
    l3.unbind("")
    l4.unbind("")
    l5.unbind("")
    l6.unbind("")
    l7.unbind("")
    l8.unbind("")
    id = 1
    th = []
    for i in range(50):
        id = id * -1
        try:
            th.append(threading.Thread(target=run,args=(i,id)))
            th[i].start()
        except Exception as e:
            print(e)
            i = i - 1
    #tips.set("50 局已经结束! X 共赢 {}次, O 共赢 {}次, 平局 {} 次".format(count_x,count_y,count_z))
        

def ai_go(w):
    """
    机器走棋 O
    """
    if chess.count_zero(the_chess) < 9:   
        po = chess.is_danger(the_chess,1)
        if po != -1 :
            the_chess[po] = w
            update_chess()
        elif constraint(w) == False:
            pass
        else :
            the_chess[chess.get_next_o(the_chess,-1)] = w
            update_chess()
        if chess.is_win(the_chess,-1) == -1:
            tips.set("你输了!")
    if chess.count_zero(the_chess) == 0:
        tips.set("平局!")

def constraint(w):
    """
    判断是否处于危险状态
    """
    po = chess.is_danger(the_chess,-1)
    if po != -1:
        the_chess[po] = w
        update_chess()
        return False
    return True

def peo_go(po):
    """
    获取人们按键,并下棋
    """
    if the_chess[po] == 0 :
        the_chess[po] = who
        update_chess()
        if chess.is_win(the_chess,who) == who:
            tips.set('你赢了!')
        elif chess.count_zero(the_chess) == 0:
            tips.set("平局!")
        else :
            ai_go(who*-1)

def touch_l0(e):
    peo_go(0)

def touch_l1(e):
    peo_go(1)

def touch_l2(e):
    peo_go(2)

def touch_l3(e):
    peo_go(3)

def touch_l4(e):
    peo_go(4)

def touch_l5(e):
    peo_go(5)

def touch_l6(e):
    peo_go(6)

def touch_l7(e):
    peo_go(7)

def touch_l8(e):
    peo_go(8)
        

tk.Button(frame_top,text='人机对决',command=but1).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
tk.Button(frame_top,text='机器对决',command=but2).pack(side=tk.RIGHT)

update_chess()

l0.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
l1.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
l2.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
l3.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
l4.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
l5.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
l6.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
l7.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
l8.pack(side=tk.LEFT)

label_bottom.pack()

frame_cont1.pack()
frame_cont2.pack()
frame_cont3.pack()

frame_top.pack()
frame_cont.pack()
frame_bot.pack()

top.mainloop()

结束回顾:

  • ① 一开始计算最佳走法我用迭代函数,但是一直写不出最佳的效果,后面直接改成循环2/3次遍历所有可能,计算所有可能的评估值。
  • ② 一开始的评估函数只有计算可能赢得边数,我发现在实际过程中有不准的情况,于是我添加了几个两个条件做为附加条件,可以使得一条直线已经有己方棋子的权重加大,可以直接导致己方赢得走法加大权重,导致对方赢的降低权重。X方选择大者,O方选择值小者。
  • ③ 在机器对战中我用多线程并行计算,发现平局的情况会导致线程卡死,无法准确计算出平局的次数。后面发现在最佳走法中,有时因为棋盘剩余格子不多,导致遍历失败,返回空值,使得机器无子可下的情况。为了解决这个问题,我在最佳走法中添加了一个判断,若棋盘剩余格子不多,则舍弃部分遍历,只遍历一轮,若只剩一个位置,则返回该位置。
  • ④ 人机对战中目前只发现一种赢局方式:先走角落易赢,机器走法单一,即类似下面情况:
    X _ O
    O O _
    X X X
    在机器优先中还未找到赢局方法
  • ⑤ 起初机器对战的结果只有固定几种,导致输赢单一,于是我先让XO先下棋方随机,再让第一子的位置随机,计算出的结果便就有意义了,出现了许多种结果。
    这次实验我使用了tkinter库,百度了许多相关使用的方法。例如,mainloop窗口消息循环尽量以独立线程运行,避免有使其阻塞的语句,起初我不知道,把机器对战五十次直接写在循环里,便导致GUI卡死。Tkinter中可以随着值变化而改变GUI显示文本的参数是StringVar,隐藏控件用pack_forget
  • ⑥ 为了避免评估值相同无法保证最佳位置,我设置了一个遍历顺序:[4,0,2,6,8,1,3,5,7],先中间,再四角,最后四边

附录

  • Python打包项目为EXE程序 - 简书
  • python3 - tkinter模块学习,内置GUI - L司逾N的博客 - CSDN博客
  • python3 GUI - 尘埃落定 - CSDN博客
  • tkinter python(图形开发界面) |易学教程

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