- 原文出自 一天一篇经济学人
Obituary: George Floyd
讣告:乔治·弗洛伊德
The life pressed out
生命无法承受之压
George Floyd, security guard and trucker, was asphyxiated by a Minneapolis police officer on May 25th, aged 46
乔治·弗洛伊德,当过保安和卡车司机, 5月25日遭明尼阿波利斯警察膝盖锁喉后窒息而死,终年46岁。
Tuesdays were usually George Floyd’s night on security-guard duty at El Nuevo Rodeo club, the “hottest venue” for Mexican music in Minneapolis. That was urban-music night, when blacks came crowding in to hear r&b, soul, hip-hop and rap. Things could get rowdy sometimes, but he kept order with calm and a big smile and the sheer presence of himself, six-feet-six and with bulging muscles under his coat. That wasn’t the style of another guy there who had done the job for 17 years, an off-duty white police officer with jittery eyes, who would reach for his pepper spray as soon as a fight broke out and fire it over everyone. But few thought their paths had crossed, or that they ever would.
每周二晚,乔治·弗洛伊德通常在新罗迪奥夜总会做保安。在明尼阿波利斯,新罗迪奥夜总会是听墨西哥音乐 “最火爆的场所”。礼拜二的主题是都市音乐,会有很多黑人涌入,来听R&B 、灵乐、嘻哈和说唱。有时 场面会比较混乱吵闹,但乔治·弗洛伊德会带着灿烂的微笑冷静维持秩序;他 这六英尺六英寸(译者注:1.98米)的大块头、外套下发达的肌肉,仅是出现在那儿,就足以平息事态。但那儿另外一个做这份工作已经17 年的人不是这种 风格。那是一位用下班时间赚外快的白人警察,有着焦灼的目光。一旦发生冲突,他会立即拿出胡椒粉喷雾剂,喷向所有人。不过几乎没人觉得他俩的生活有交集,或者说不觉得他俩能有什么交集。
注:
白人施暴警察乔文和受害者曾同时在当地俱乐部El Nuevo Rodeo做保安
5月25日,美国明尼苏达州非裔男子乔治· 弗洛伊德(George Floyd)在被捕过程中遭白人警察乔文(Derek Chauvin)暴力对待致死。事件触发美国全国多处示威,在明尼阿波利斯市更演变成暴动。据美国有线电视新闻网(CNN )31日报道,当地一间夜店的前老板表示,两人均曾于她的店内做保安。
报道称,当地俱乐部El Nuevo Rodeo的前老板玛利亚(Maya Santamaria)说:“我们开门(营业)的17年间,他们曾在同一时间一起在我们店工作过,只是乔文在(店)外面,在他不当警察班时作为俱乐部的店外保安。而弗洛伊德在店里面做保安。”
He liked being a bouncer. His regular stint was at the Conga Latin Bistro on East Hennepin, another Mexican-Latino joint with dining and dancing. There he sometimes wore a blue boiler suit with “Security” in large white letters, but also a navy jacket and black polo-neck that made him look a million dollars. At the door he always beamed out his warm welcoming smile, and expected a hug in return from the regulars. He would dance badly, just to make them laugh. (Jovanni Thunstrom, the owner, once tried to teach him Bachata dance, but he was so tall he couldn’t turn him.) Some customers came early to eat the spicy Mexican food with him. In return he did favours for them: drove them home if they were drunk, put their things in his own closet if they didn’t bring spare change for the coat-check. At the end of business, he helped clean down the bar. Mr Thunstrom (“Bossman”, as he kept calling him), was a friend, almost family, and rented him a duplex in St Louis Park, uptown. He liked his neighbours there, and would spend time chatting over the fence to their little boy, teaching him the proper way to shoot hoops. He had been pretty good at basketball, back in Texas.
乔治·弗洛伊德喜欢当保安。他曾经在东亨内平的康加拉丁小酒馆有一份固定的保安工作。那 是另外一处拉美墨西哥裔吃饭跳舞的聚集地。在那里,他有时穿着印有“保安”两个白色大字的蓝色连体工作服,有时也会套上 —件海军夹克和黑色圆翻领毛衣、看上去很是讲究。站在门口的他总是对顾客报以热情微笑,期待熟客回馈他一个拥抱。他会笨拙地扭几下,只为博顾客一笑。老板乔瓦尼· 通斯特伦曾试图教他跳巴查塔舞,怎奈他块头太大,老板根本转不动他。有些顾客会提前到店里请他一起吃辛辣的墨西哥餐,作为回报他会帮他们一些忙——顾客喝醉时,开车将他们送回家;或者在顾客没有零钱支付寄存费时,把他们的物品放到自己的储物柜里。酒馆打烊时,他会留下来帮忙打扫卫生。他 一直称呼通斯特伦“老板(Bossman)”, 通斯特伦之于他是朋友,几乎也可以说是家人。通斯特伦将位于市郊圣路易斯公园的一套联式住宅租给了他。他喜欢那里的邻居,经常隔着篱笆和邻居家的男孩聊天,教他投篮的正确方法。以前在德克萨斯州时,他是篮球高手。
Since coming to Minneapolis from Houston, several years ago, he had had no problem getting a job. Friends who had gone north before him had persuaded him to come, and they were right. There was no shortage. He worked as a truck driver, revelling in taking big rigs on the Interstate, and found his two security places. He also found a new girlfriend, Courtney Ross. And with that he seemed determined to stay in Minnesota.
几年前,他从休斯顿搬至明尼阿波利斯,毫不费力就找到了一份工作。 比他先北上的朋友说服了他,而且他们朋友说的很对,那里不缺活干。他当过卡车司机,非常享受大卡车奔驰在州级公路上的感觉,还做过两份保安的工作。后来也找到了新女朋友,叫考特尼·罗斯。这些似乎让他决心留在明尼苏达。
That was not the plan at first. H-Town was still home. He grew up there in the Third Ward, the old black section of the city, full of shotgun shacks and run-down public housing as well as more notable buildings, like the Jack Yates High School, which he attended, and Wheeler Avenue Baptist church, where Martin Luther King preach ed. At Yates, with his height, more than six feet at 12 years old, he shone at sports: he was recruited by South Florida State to play basketball, and was on the Yates football team that made the final of the Texas state championship in 1992 in the Astrodome. The Houston music scene drew him, too; he was “Big Floyd” in a group that backed DJ Screw, a legendary hip-hop dj, inventor of a new remix technique of slowing tracks down and playing the same track on different turntables (“chopped-and-screwed”, hence the “Screw”). Best of all, he met attractive women, by several of whom he had children. He was a good father while he was around.
然而,他起初的计划并不是这样的。休斯敦仍然是家乡。他在休斯顿第三区长大,那里是这座城市老旧的黑人区,布满排房和破败的公屋,当然也有更知名的建筑,比如他念过书的杰克叶茨高中以及马丁路德金布过道的惠乐大街浸信会教堂。弗洛伊德身高出众,12 岁就超过了六英尺 (译者注:1.83米),因此在念耶茨高中的时候,他在体育方面非常突出。他被南佛罗里达州立学院招募去 打篮球,也是叶茨橄榄球队的成员。叶茨橄榄球队在1992年一路打到阿斯托洛圆顶运动场,挺进德州冠军杯的决赛。休斯敦音乐圈子也吸引着他;他是DJ Screw伴唱团队里的 “大弗”。DJ Screw是一名传奇嘻哈 DJ,开创了一种全新的放慢音轨并在不同唱盘播放同段音轨的混音技巧(“ 切碎再拧上”,所以叫“拧上(Screw )”。)最美妙的是,他遇到了一些迷人的女性。其中的几个还为他生了孩子。在他陪伴孩子的时候,他是个好父亲。
Yet Houston was tough, too, especially in the Third Ward. He lived in Cuney Homes, otherwise known as “The Bricks”, a project overrun with drugs, gangs and guns. In 1997 the place was modernised and even won an award, but its reputation did not change much. And as a “brickboy” he did not escape it. In his early 20s he did jail time for theft with a firearm. After that came various arrests for possession of cocaine. He was not made for crime; he admitted in a video later that “bustin’ a gun” was crazy and made his knees shake. But he seemed to drift into these things because there was no line of work or life he was especially good at. His friend Stephen Jackson had become a player for the nba, in the San Antonio Spurs, and he liked to call Stephen his “twin”, excited by his successes as if they were his own. But he, Big Floyd, was famous mostly for his size—a size that made people think he was not gentle or calm, but a fighting person.
然而休斯敦的生活也很艰难,尤其是在第三区。他曾经在库尼之家(也被称为“砖块” )待过,这个地方毒品、匪帮和枪支泛滥成灾。1977年,这个地方被改造了,甚至还得过一个奖,但是这里的名声没有多大改变。而他作为一个“砖块小子 ”,也没能出淤泥而不染。二十出头的时候,他曾经因为持枪盗窃蹲过监狱,之后因为持有可卡因多次被捕。他不是天生的罪犯;他后来在一段视频中承认整天带着枪打打杀杀很疯狂,他腿总是发抖。但他似乎不知不觉就卷入了这些事情,因为没有哪份职业或哪种普通人的生活他特别擅长。他的朋友斯蒂芬· 杰克逊已经成为NBA的篮球运动员,效力于圣安东尼奥马刺队。他喜欢称呼史蒂芬他的“双胞胎兄弟 ”,他为史蒂芬的成就而激动,就好像那是他自己取得的一样。但是他,所谓的“大弗” ,拥有名气多半是因为他的体格——他的大块头让人感觉他既不温柔也不冷静,就是个爱惹事儿的家伙。
So it could turn out. In 2007 he and five other men forced their way into a woman’s house. He held a gun to her stomach and then searched through the rooms and cabinets, looking for money and drugs. This aggravated robbery earned the “large suspect” five years in prison. When he emerged, he pledged himself to a new life. He became active in his church, Resurrection Houston, organising not only barbecues and basketball games but Bible studies and open-air baptisms, pushing the big tub right into Cuney Homes to evangelise the hardest part of town. It was a Christian work programme that drew him to Min nesota, and he felt ready for that challenge, too. There he could make a completely fresh start, perhaps earn enough money to be a better father. His calls to his friends bubbled with hope for the future.
此句留给读者(欢迎大家留言)。20 07年,他和另外五个人强行闯入一个女人的房子。他拿着一把枪顶着女人的肚子,然后搜遍全屋,翻箱倒柜地寻找钱和毒品。这次情节恶劣的抢劫给这位“大个儿疑犯”带来了五年铁窗生涯。当他出狱之后,他发誓要开始一段全新的人生。他开始积极参加自己的教堂—— 休斯顿复活教堂——的活动,不仅组织户外烧烤和篮球赛,同样也组织圣经研习和露天受洗,推着大浴缸径直进入到康尼社区里,把福音传到这个镇最难传教的地方。是一个基督教的工作项目把他吸引到了明尼苏达,他也觉得自己已经准备好了迎接这个挑战。在那里他可以有一个全新的开始,可能还可以挣到足够多的钱去成为一个更好的爸爸。他给他的朋友们打电话的时候都是在滔滔不绝地讲着他对未来的希冀。
By the end of May the picture was cloudier. He had been laid off from his security jobs when covid-19 had closed the restaurants. The rent-money for Mr Thunstrom was scraped together somehow, but it was not clear when work would return. He made many calls to friends asking for advice. Meanwhile, the old life brushed him again. On the evening of the 25th he went with two acquaintances to buy cigarettes at Cup Foods on 38th and Chicago, where he was a regular. He tried to pay with a $20 bill which the store clerk thought looked counterfeit, then would not return the cigarettes. The clerk, thoroughly frightened, called 911 and identified the “tall guy” as the man to blame.
五月底的时候,前路变得黯淡了些。因为新冠肺炎的影响餐厅都关门了,他失去了保安这份工作。他东拼西凑把通斯特伦的房租好歹是交上了,但是什么时候能够复工还是未知数。他给朋友们打了很多电话寻求建议。同时,不堪的过往再次向他袭来。25 日晚上,他和两个熟人去他常光顾的位于38街和芝加哥大道交界处的“杯子食品( Cup Foods)”杂货店买香烟。他试着用20元的钞票来付钱,但店员认为那是假钞,然而弗洛伊德拒绝把香烟归还回去。店员被吓得不轻,打了报警电话,并指认那个 “高个子”是带头的。
注:
1. lay off:解雇、停工期间
例句:
Laying off workers is the dirty part of this job.
解雇工人是这件工作中令人讨厌的地方。
2. scrape together:东拼西凑
例句:
They'll give you some time to scrape together a little cash.
能给你多一些时间去筹集现金。
When the police arrived he struggled at first, but calmed down once the cuffs were on. Then he refused to get into the squad car. An officer dragged him aside, threw him to the ground helpless and then, for almost nine minutes, knelt on his neck, pressing, pressing, as he cried out for his mother and his breath and his life. He possibly never knew that this was the same white guy with jittery eyes who had worked at El Nuevo Rodeo, the one so ready with the pepper spray to keep the blacks in line.
当警察到达的时候,他先是做了一番挣扎。但被戴上手铐之后,他就冷静了下来。接着,他拒绝进警车。一位警察把他拉到一旁,随后将他按到地上让他动弹不得。再然后,在整整将近九分钟的时间里,这名警察用膝盖压在他的脖子上,用力压,再用力压,在这个过程中他哭着喊妈妈、喊无法呼吸、喊救命。弗洛伊德可能永远都不会知道,压在他脖子上的这一位,就是那个曾在新罗迪奥夜总会工作的目光焦灼的白人,那个动不动就准备用胡椒粉喷雾剂让黑人们乖乖排队站好的白人。
翻译组:
Alex,不务正业的理工男
Ronnie,女,动物保护主义者
Vicky,少儿英语老师+笔译新人
校对组:
Lee,爱骑行的妇女之友+Timberland 粉
Qianna,追求专业的非英专,很讲逻辑,英伦摇滚迷
Rachel Zhang,学理工科,爱跳芭蕾,热爱文艺的非典型翻译
3
观点|评论|思考
感想一
Nikolai,热爱想象的小双鱼,蒙特雷候补生,AKB49
当年本人还在美帝留学之时,曾听到过一种鄙视链的说法。最上层的是本土白人、然后是欧洲移民白人、接着是亚洲人和拉丁美洲人(这两个基本上不相上下)、最底层的是黑人。由于我的活动范围主要集中在学校附近,深入普通美国人生活的机会较少,而且学校是全美国中国留学生最多的学校,所以也没有觉得种族鄙视链非常严重。可是有一件事我印象特别深。一次我独自坐大巴外出跨州游玩,途经州界的时候遇到警察上车查人,倒也不是说怀疑车上有逃犯,就是例行检查。于是乎,一群又高又壮的白人大汉爬上了车,拍着手里的警棍,让大家开包检查。好,开包检查。警察扫了一眼白人的包,走了;掏了掏坐我前面的那个墨西哥人的包,觉得没什么东西,走了;把我的包拿出来,拉出几本书和一台电脑,摇了摇头,走了(车上只有我一个亚洲人);来到坐我背后的那对黑人兄弟那里,不光把包翻了个底朝天,还要求他们站起来,搜了搜身,然后才继续前进。后来一问那两个黑人兄弟,这帮警察是在查大麻,因为我在的那个州大麻合法,对面不合法,所以要查。
在我看来,美国的种族歧视问题由来已久,且已经和印度的种姓制度一样,成为了各自社会的顽疾。在此我不想分析这个问题的由来以及弗洛伊德之死可能带来的影响,只想谈论一下所谓的众生平等论。“我拼命地努力,到达的只是你的起点。”深山出来的孩子要想获得同等的成功,必定要付出比沿海地区条件优越的孩子数倍的努力。众生平等吗?不,众生是不平等的,而且永远都不会绝对平等,各种各样的差距,如消费水平、周围环境的文化水平、接触的世界的格调,都是不可能实现平等的。先富带动后富,共同富裕,这是可能的,但如若彻底实现一碗水端平的富裕和绝对公平,世界就失去了继续奋斗的意义和前进的动力,因为无论奋斗多么艰辛,都只能做到和其他人一样,没有拔得头筹、鹤立鸡群的可能。
既然绝对公平不可能实现,那是否就意味着我们不需要为一个公平的世界而奋斗呢?在我看来也绝非如此。为公平的世界而奋斗,这本身就是一种由压迫向平等的进步;尽管这种进步永远不会完全实现,但阶段性的实现,如同工同酬、男女平权、黑白黄棕一家亲等等,都是一种更好的社会形态。不公平有两种形式,良性的和恶性的。我们需要良性的不公平,也就是通过不懈奋斗可以被抹平的不公平。正是因为在某些领域,如金钱、地位、名望等存在着良性的不公平,较低层级的人们才有奋斗的目标,而较高层级的人们为了不被较低层级的人们超越和取代,才会拼命努力提升自己,整个社会的车轮才会滚滚向前。而我们应该摒弃恶性的不公平,即绝对的、不可逾越的障碍,这些障碍会阻碍社会的进步,并且一旦积累到一定程度,就像马丁•路德•金在1963年伯明翰抗议活动中被捕后在狱中的公开信中所说的那样:“这种被压抑的情感一定要发泄出来,如果无法通过非暴力的手段,那就只能诉诸暴力。”随之而来的便是对社会的破坏,以及可能发生的革命。无论是苏联革命的成功、非洲各国独立运动的胜利,都可以看作是颠覆恶性的不公平。一切为了众生平等的奋斗,都是为了摒弃恶性的不公平所做的努力。
我有一个梦想,梦想将来有一天,每个人到世界上任何一个地方,都不会再因为他或她的肤色、性取向、宗教信仰等原因被人另眼相看,而对他或她的评价只取决于其奋斗的结果和过程;我有一个梦想,梦想将来有一天,世界只存在良性的不公平,一切的不平等都可以依靠正派的奋斗这一唯一的途径抹平;我有一个梦想,梦想我们的世界能在可见的未来,不再因为各种各样恶性的不公平分裂,其中生活的所有人类都拥有“人类”这个共同的名字,而不是带有各种歧视标签的称呼。
那么读者诸君,你们的梦想,又是什么呢?
感想二
Vicky,少儿英语老师 +笔译新人
美国是什么时候解放的黑奴?从1862年林肯“解放黑奴宣言”的发布?从1963年马丁路德金的“我有一个梦想”的倡议?2020年5月 25日那漫长的8分46秒,告诉我们压在非裔美国人脖子上那股令人窒息的压迫感,也许从未真正远离。
从小受美剧、好莱坞、格莱美影响的我们,对大洋彼岸的那个国家有天然的美好滤镜,自由、民主、法制、人权,是我们想到那个国家,经常会脱口而出的四个词汇。可是脱掉那层滤镜之后,也许一切并不如想象中美好,伴随着八字箴言的是美国日益悬殊的社会财富差距,是美国从未真正解决的种族融合问题。
这次弗洛伊德事件,让人们再一次热议美国警察是否执法过当的问题,作为一个持枪合法化的国家,维护警察的绝对权威,自然有其正当性。可是美国警察一年平均执法中会造成1000人左右失去生命,而其中非裔美国人死亡的比例,相对于他们在美国人口中 15%的占比,却是不成比例的高值。这其中,歧视的影子,自然存在。
当然,有一种声音也貌似中立。非裔美国人的普遍受教育程度就是会低一些,从事犯罪活动的比例就是要高一些,是因为他们的行动,导致了人们的印象,从而造成了最后的结果,并不能说就是歧视造成的。
第27任哈佛校长萨摩斯当年的公开言论“男生比女生在理科先天有优势”,造成了自己提前黯然下台。其实我们也可以说有很多的数据统计证明他说的未必是错,可是为什么受到了那么多的挞伐指责?原因就是歧视的心理内化。当对某一群体的歧视变成了一个偏见,而偏见变成了这个群体的自我意识,你很难分辨究竟是群体自身的行为导致了歧视,还是歧视促成了这些群体行为。
而我们对于“歧视”二字的自我警示,并不是因为它的少有和鲜见,而恰恰是因为,“歧视”其实深藏在我们每一个人的心里,甚至可以说它是我们人性的一部分。我们甚至有些时候,是需要它来构建自我的优越感和信心的。可是这种藏在我们内心最幽暗最隐秘的角落的一种心理状态,一旦变成公开的群体的共识,那么潘多拉盒子打开的后果,往往会是人类不可承受之重。
首先“歧视”的根源是优越感,是一种群体对另一群体进行正当剥夺的心理权利。歧视后面若隐若现的,就是造成人类历史最大悲剧的法西斯主义,当一个种族对另一个种族的歧视达到了顶峰,那么对方连呼吸,都是一种罪过。
最重要的是,一旦歧视风行,那么歧视链上,没有终点。每个人都可以站在歧视链的顶端亦或是底端,成为施害者亦或受害者。最终,无人幸免。
从近代史上支配了地球上百年的“美国梦”,相信只要通过自身的奋斗就可以实现理想走上人生巅峰,到2012正式提出的“中国梦”,要实现中华民族的伟大复兴,这些梦雄壮而伟大,绚丽而恢弘。相比较起来,57年前马丁路德金的梦想——人人生而平等,是那么的渺小而简单,可是当弗洛伊德躺在便利店门口这片传说中的逐梦之地时,却发现一切仍然是那么可望,而不可及。