关于nginx你可能不知道的秘密----nginx地址重写以及错误页面配置
1.什么是Rewrite
Rewrite对称URL Rewrite，即URL重写，就是把传入Web的请求重定向到其他URL的过程。
- URL Rewrite最常见的应用是URL伪静态化，是将动态页面显示为静态页面方式的一种技术。比如http://www.123.com/news/index.php?id=123 使用URLRewrite 转换后可以显示为 http://www.123.com/news/123.html对于追求完美主义的网站设计师，就算是网页的地址也希望看起来尽量简洁明快。理论上，搜索引擎更喜欢静态页面形式的网页，搜索引擎对静态页面的评分一般要高于动态页面。所以，UrlRewrite可以让我们网站的网页更容易被搜索引擎所收录。
- 从安全角度上讲，如果在URL中暴露太多的参数，无疑会造成一定量的信息泄漏，可能会被一些黑客利用，对你的系统造成一定的破坏，所以静态化的URL地址可以给我们带来更高的安全性。
- 实现网站地址跳转，例如用户访问360buy.com，将其跳转到jd.com。例如当用户访问tianyun.com的80端口时，将其跳转到443端口。
2.Rewrite 相关指令
1.if语句
if (condition) { … }
if 可以支持如下条件判断匹配符号
~ 正则匹配 (区分大小写)
~* 正则匹配 (不区分大小写)
!~ 正则不匹配 (区分大小写)
!~* 正则不匹配 (不区分大小写)
-f 和!-f 用来判断是否存在文件
-d 和!-d 用来判断是否存在目录
-e 和!-e 用来判断是否存在文件或目录
-x 和!-x 用来判断文件是否可执行
在匹配过程中可以引用一些Nginx的全局变量
$args 请求中的参数;
$document_root 针对当前请求的根路径设置值;
$host 请求信息中的"Host"，如果请求中没有Host行，则等于设置的服务器名;
$limit_rate 对连接速率的限制;
$request_method 请求的方法，比如"GET"、"POST"等;
$remote_addr 客户端地址;
$remote_port 客户端端口号;
$remote_user 客户端用户名，认证用;
$request_filename 当前请求的文件路径名（带网站的主目录/usr/local/nginx/html/images /a.jpg）
$request_uri 当前请求的文件路径名（不带网站的主目录/images/a.jpg）
$query_string 与$args相同;
$scheme 用的协议，比如http或者是https
$server_protocol 请求的协议版本，"HTTP/1.0"或"HTTP/1.1";
$server_addr 服务器地址，如果没有用listen指明服务器地址，使用这个变量将发起一次系统调用以取得地址(造成资源浪费);
$server_name 请求到达的服务器名;
$document_uri 与$uri一样，URI地址;
$server_port 请求到达的服务器端口号;
2.Rewrite flag
rewrite** 指令根据表达式来重定向URI，或者修改字符串。可以应用于server,location, if环境下每行rewrite指令最后跟一个flag标记，支持的flag标记有：
last 相当于Apache里的[L]标记，表示完成rewrite。默认为last。
break 本条规则匹配完成后，终止匹配，不再匹配后面的规则
redirect 返回302临时重定向，浏览器地址会显示跳转后的URL地址
permanent 返回301永久重定向，浏览器地址会显示跳转后URL地址
redirect 和 permanent区别则是返回的不同方式的重定向，对于客户端来说一般状态下是没有区别的。而对于搜索引擎，相对来说301的重定向更加友好，如果我们把一个地址采用301跳转方式跳转的话，搜索引擎会把老地址的相关信息带到新地址，同时在搜索引擎索引库中彻底废弃掉原先的老地址。使用302重定向时，搜索引擎(特别是google)有时会查看跳转前后哪个网址更直观，然后决定显示哪个，如果它觉的跳转前的URL更好的话，也许地址栏不会更改。
3.Rewrite匹配参考示例
首先我们需要在windows上进行本地解析，打开C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc 下面的hosts文件并添加
192.168.13.128 www.testpm.com
[root@localhost ~]# cd /tmp/
[root@localhost tmp]# mkdir a b #创建两个目录
[root@localhost tmp]# echo "111111" >> a/1.html
[root@localhost tmp]# echo "222222" >> b/2.html #创建两个文件并写入数据，以此来区分
# http://www.testpm.com/a/1.html ==> http://www.testpm.com/b/2.html 访问前面的地址，nginx会将你带到后面的地址
[root@localhost tmp]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
#进入配置文件添清空并添加如下代码
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.testpm.com;
location /a { #如果访问到地址/a这个
root /tmp; #nginx就会去 /tmp/a 这个目录下
index 1.html index.htm; #寻找并读取 1.html或者index.htm文件
rewrite .* /b/2.html permanent; #但是碰到这一行代码后，就不会去读取1.html或者index.htm文件了，而是去匹配/b/2.html（.* 代表所有）
}
location /b { #然后/b符合条件
root /tmp; #去 /tmp/b目录下
index 2.html index.htm; #寻找并读取 2.html或者index.htm文件
}
}
[root@localhost tmp]# nginx -s reload
访问http://www.testpm.com/a
它会自动转向http://www.testpm.com/b/2.html 这个地址
3.nginx 错误页面配置
nginx错误页面包括404 403 500 502 503 504等页面，只需要在server中增加以下配置即可：
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
在server里面添加如下代码
#error_page 404 403 500 502 503 504 /404.html;
location = /404.html {
root /usr/local/nginx/html;
}
注意：
/usr/local/nginx/html/ 路径下必须有404.html这个文件！！！
但是404.html上如果引用其他文件的png或css就会有问题，显示不出来，因为其他文件的访问也要做配置；为了简单，可以将css嵌入文件中，图片用base编码嵌入；如下：
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /usr/local/nginx/html
[root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/html 404.html
#添加如下代码
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1" />
<title>404</title>
<style>
.layout-table{display:table;height:100%;width:100%;vertical-align: middle;margin-top:150px}
.layout-table-cell{display: table-cell;vertical-align: middle;text-align:center}
.layout-tip{font-size:28px;color:#373737;margin: 0 auto;margin-top:16px;border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;padding-bottom: 20px;width: 360px;}
#tips{font-size:18px;color:#666666;margin-top:16px;}
</style>
</head>
<body class="layui-layout-body">
<div class="layui-layout layui-layout-admin">
<div class="layui-body">
<div class="layout-table">
<div class="layout-table-cell">
<img 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" class="layout-img">
<p class="layout-tip">哎呀，找不到该页面啦！</p>
<p id="tips">请检查您的网络连接是否正常或者输入的网址是否正确</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
[root@localhost ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop firewalld && setenforce 0
访问http://192.168.13.128/404.html（ip地址/404.html）
是不是很好看的404页面？