MySQL 连接 通过实例总结详解 笛卡尔积,自然连接,内连接,外连接

MySQL 连接

表结构:
以下是使用到的两张表instructor和teaches,我们希望通过属性ID进行连接

mysql> select * from instructor;
+-------+------------+------------+----------+
| ID    | name       | dept_name  | salary   |
+-------+------------+------------+----------+
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 |
| 12121 | Wu         | Finance    | 90000.00 |
| 15151 | Mozart     | Music      | 40000.00 |
| 22222 | Einstein   | Physics    | 95000.00 |
| 32343 | El Said    | History    | 60000.00 |
| 33456 | Gold       | Physics    | 87000.00 |
| 45565 | Katz       | Comp. Sci. | 75000.00 |
| 58583 | Califieri  | History    | 62000.00 |
| 76543 | Singh      | Finance    | 80000.00 |
| 76766 | Crick      | Biology    | 72000.00 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 |
| 98345 | Kim        | Elec. Eng. | 80000.00 |
+-------+------------+------------+----------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from teaches;
+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
| ID    | course_id | sec_id | semester | year |
+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
| 76766 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 76766 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 10101 | CS-101    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 45565 | CS-101    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 83821 | CS-190    | 1      | Spring   | 2009 |
| 83821 | CS-190    | 2      | Spring   | 2009 |
| 10101 | CS-315    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 45565 | CS-319    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 83821 | CS-319    | 2      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 10101 | CS-347    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 98345 | EE-181    | 1      | Spring   | 2009 |
| 12121 | FIN-201   | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 32343 | HIS-351   | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 15151 | MU-199    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 22222 | PHY-101   | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)

笛卡尔积

instructor X teaches

产生的结果最多,排列出所有可能组合,无null,连接属性ID出现2次。

mysql> select * from instructor, teaches;
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
| ID    | name       | dept_name  | salary   | ID    | course_id | sec_id | semester | year |
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | 76766 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 12121 | Wu         | Finance    | 90000.00 | 76766 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 15151 | Mozart     | Music      | 40000.00 | 76766 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 22222 | Einstein   | Physics    | 95000.00 | 76766 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 32343 | El Said    | History    | 60000.00 | 76766 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 33456 | Gold       | Physics    | 87000.00 | 76766 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 45565 | Katz       | Comp. Sci. | 75000.00 | 76766 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 58583 | Califieri  | History    | 62000.00 | 76766 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 76543 | Singh      | Finance    | 80000.00 | 76766 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 76766 | Crick      | Biology    | 72000.00 | 76766 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | 76766 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 98345 | Kim        | Elec. Eng. | 80000.00 | 76766 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | 76766 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 12121 | Wu         | Finance    | 90000.00 | 76766 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 15151 | Mozart     | Music      | 40000.00 | 76766 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 22222 | Einstein   | Physics    | 95000.00 | 76766 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 32343 | El Said    | History    | 60000.00 | 76766 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 33456 | Gold       | Physics    | 87000.00 | 76766 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 45565 | Katz       | Comp. Sci. | 75000.00 | 76766 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 58583 | Califieri  | History    | 62000.00 | 76766 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 76543 | Singh      | Finance    | 80000.00 | 76766 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 76766 | Crick      | Biology    | 72000.00 | 76766 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | 76766 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 98345 | Kim        | Elec. Eng. | 80000.00 | 76766 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | 10101 | CS-101    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 12121 | Wu         | Finance    | 90000.00 | 10101 | CS-101    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 15151 | Mozart     | Music      | 40000.00 | 10101 | CS-101    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 22222 | Einstein   | Physics    | 95000.00 | 10101 | CS-101    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 32343 | El Said    | History    | 60000.00 | 10101 | CS-101    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 33456 | Gold       | Physics    | 87000.00 | 10101 | CS-101    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
...
180 rows in set (0.00 sec)

使用where限制连接属性,产生结果ID出现2次,查询到的结果除此与自然连接相同。

mysql> select * from instructor, teaches where instructor.id = teaches.id;
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
| ID    | name       | dept_name  | salary   | ID    | course_id | sec_id | semester | year |
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | 10101 | CS-101    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | 10101 | CS-315    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | 10101 | CS-347    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 12121 | Wu         | Finance    | 90000.00 | 12121 | FIN-201   | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 15151 | Mozart     | Music      | 40000.00 | 15151 | MU-199    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 22222 | Einstein   | Physics    | 95000.00 | 22222 | PHY-101   | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 32343 | El Said    | History    | 60000.00 | 32343 | HIS-351   | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 45565 | Katz       | Comp. Sci. | 75000.00 | 45565 | CS-101    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 45565 | Katz       | Comp. Sci. | 75000.00 | 45565 | CS-319    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 76766 | Crick      | Biology    | 72000.00 | 76766 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 76766 | Crick      | Biology    | 72000.00 | 76766 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | 83821 | CS-190    | 1      | Spring   | 2009 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | 83821 | CS-190    | 2      | Spring   | 2009 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | 83821 | CS-319    | 2      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 98345 | Kim        | Elec. Eng. | 80000.00 | 98345 | EE-181    | 1      | Spring   | 2009 |
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)

自然连接

只考虑两个关系中在共同属性上取值相同的元组对。

ID只出现1次,无nulll。

不需要使用修饰词限制连接属性。

mysql> select * from instructor natural join teaches;
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
| ID    | name       | dept_name  | salary   | course_id | sec_id | semester | year |
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | CS-101    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | CS-315    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | CS-347    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 12121 | Wu         | Finance    | 90000.00 | FIN-201   | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 15151 | Mozart     | Music      | 40000.00 | MU-199    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 22222 | Einstein   | Physics    | 95000.00 | PHY-101   | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 32343 | El Said    | History    | 60000.00 | HIS-351   | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 45565 | Katz       | Comp. Sci. | 75000.00 | CS-101    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 45565 | Katz       | Comp. Sci. | 75000.00 | CS-319    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 76766 | Crick      | Biology    | 72000.00 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 76766 | Crick      | Biology    | 72000.00 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | CS-190    | 1      | Spring   | 2009 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | CS-190    | 2      | Spring   | 2009 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | CS-319    | 2      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 98345 | Kim        | Elec. Eng. | 80000.00 | EE-181    | 1      | Spring   | 2009 |
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)

内连接

默认join = inner join

select * from instructor join teaches;产生结果与笛卡尔积相同,ID出现2次

需要用using 指定连接属性,则ID出现1次

mysql> select * from instructor join teaches using (ID);
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
| ID    | name       | dept_name  | salary   | course_id | sec_id | semester | year |
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | CS-101    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | CS-315    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | CS-347    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 12121 | Wu         | Finance    | 90000.00 | FIN-201   | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 15151 | Mozart     | Music      | 40000.00 | MU-199    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 22222 | Einstein   | Physics    | 95000.00 | PHY-101   | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 32343 | El Said    | History    | 60000.00 | HIS-351   | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 45565 | Katz       | Comp. Sci. | 75000.00 | CS-101    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 45565 | Katz       | Comp. Sci. | 75000.00 | CS-319    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 76766 | Crick      | Biology    | 72000.00 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 76766 | Crick      | Biology    | 72000.00 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | CS-190    | 1      | Spring   | 2009 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | CS-190    | 2      | Spring   | 2009 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | CS-319    | 2      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 98345 | Kim        | Elec. Eng. | 80000.00 | EE-181    | 1      | Spring   | 2009 |
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)

外连接

full/left/right outer join 全/左/右外连接

会产生null,产生2次ID,需要用on指定连接属性

mysql> select * from instructor left outer join teaches on instructor.id = teaches.id;
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
| ID    | name       | dept_name  | salary   | ID    | course_id | sec_id | semester | year |
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | 10101 | CS-101    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | 10101 | CS-315    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | 10101 | CS-347    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 12121 | Wu         | Finance    | 90000.00 | 12121 | FIN-201   | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 15151 | Mozart     | Music      | 40000.00 | 15151 | MU-199    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 22222 | Einstein   | Physics    | 95000.00 | 22222 | PHY-101   | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 32343 | El Said    | History    | 60000.00 | 32343 | HIS-351   | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 33456 | Gold       | Physics    | 87000.00 | NULL  | NULL      | NULL   | NULL     | NULL |
| 45565 | Katz       | Comp. Sci. | 75000.00 | 45565 | CS-101    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 45565 | Katz       | Comp. Sci. | 75000.00 | 45565 | CS-319    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 58583 | Califieri  | History    | 62000.00 | NULL  | NULL      | NULL   | NULL     | NULL |
| 76543 | Singh      | Finance    | 80000.00 | NULL  | NULL      | NULL   | NULL     | NULL |
| 76766 | Crick      | Biology    | 72000.00 | 76766 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 76766 | Crick      | Biology    | 72000.00 | 76766 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | 83821 | CS-190    | 1      | Spring   | 2009 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | 83821 | CS-190    | 2      | Spring   | 2009 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | 83821 | CS-319    | 2      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 98345 | Kim        | Elec. Eng. | 80000.00 | 98345 | EE-181    | 1      | Spring   | 2009 |
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec)

使用on true where ...,则上结果中的null属性被去掉,其他不变,依然ID出现两次。

mysql> select * from instructor left outer join teaches on true where instructor.id = teaches.id;
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
| ID    | name       | dept_name  | salary   | ID    | course_id | sec_id | semester | year |
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | 10101 | CS-101    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | 10101 | CS-315    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 | 10101 | CS-347    | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 12121 | Wu         | Finance    | 90000.00 | 12121 | FIN-201   | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 15151 | Mozart     | Music      | 40000.00 | 15151 | MU-199    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 22222 | Einstein   | Physics    | 95000.00 | 22222 | PHY-101   | 1      | Fall     | 2009 |
| 32343 | El Said    | History    | 60000.00 | 32343 | HIS-351   | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 45565 | Katz       | Comp. Sci. | 75000.00 | 45565 | CS-101    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 45565 | Katz       | Comp. Sci. | 75000.00 | 45565 | CS-319    | 1      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 76766 | Crick      | Biology    | 72000.00 | 76766 | BIO-101   | 1      | Summer   | 2009 |
| 76766 | Crick      | Biology    | 72000.00 | 76766 | BIO-301   | 1      | Summer   | 2010 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | 83821 | CS-190    | 1      | Spring   | 2009 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | 83821 | CS-190    | 2      | Spring   | 2009 |
| 83821 | Brandt     | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 | 83821 | CS-319    | 2      | Spring   | 2010 |
| 98345 | Kim        | Elec. Eng. | 80000.00 | 98345 | EE-181    | 1      | Spring   | 2009 |
+-------+------------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)

总结

下表中,任意的连接类型可以与右侧任意的连接条件组合,where显然不是连接条件。

连接类型 连接条件
inner join natural
left outer join on
right outer join using(A1, A2, …, An)
full outer join

你可能感兴趣的:(SQL,关系型数据库,mySQL,连接)