/i/:张嘴露齿,左右极致,高音调
/ɛ/: 张嘴露齿,左右半极致,半高音调
/æ/: 张嘴露齿,左右半极致,下拉极致,高音调
/a/:张嘴露齿,四角拓展,⾼⾳调
/ɔ/:张嘴露齿,上下极致,⾼音调
/u/:嘟嘴开齿,前伸极致,⾼音调
/I/:张嘴开齿,音调低
/ə/:张嘴露齿,音调低
/ʊ/:张嘴开齿,音调低
/əu/:一个松音+ 第六阶段的紧音。张嘴露齿,音调低 + 嘟嘴开齿,前伸极致,高音调
/au/:张嘴露齿,四角拓展,⾼⾳调 + 嘟嘴开齿,前伸极致,⾼音调
/ɛi/:张嘴露齿,左右半极致,半高音调 + 张嘴露齿,左右极致,高音调
/ai/:张嘴露齿,四角拓展,⾼⾳调 + 张嘴露齿,左右极致,高音调
/ɔi/:张嘴露齿,上下极致,⾼音调 + 张嘴露齿,左右极致,高音调
/r/:嘟嘴开齿,前伸极致,舌尖上卷
/l/:元音前,舌尖上齿龈,舌一弹;元音后,舌尖从下到上齿龈
/f/:一个都不能少 + 门牙轻碰下唇,出气
/v/:门牙贴下唇,不出气,声带振
/p/:双唇紧闭,弹开,出气
/b/:双唇紧闭,弹开,阻气声带振
/z/:上下微开齿,舌尖近上齿龈,阻气声带振
/k/:上下张嘴露齿,舌后缩,舌下降出气
/g/:上下张嘴露齿,舌后缩(大力),舌下降,不出气,声带振
/d/:张嘴开齿,舌尖顶上龈,舌尖松,阻气声带振
/t/:张嘴开齿,舌尖顶上齿根,舌尖松气出
/θ/:舌尖轻碰上齿底,出气
/ð/:舌尖轻碰上齿底,阻气声带振
/m/:闭嘴,鼻孔出气,声带振动
/n/:张嘴开齿,舌尖顶上齿根,鼻孔出气,声带振动
/ŋ/:舌不动,下巴下拉,鼻孔出气,声带振动
/j/:微开嘴,舌尖顶下齿,声带振
/w/:嘟嘴开齿,前伸极致,声带振
/h/:半开嘴,舌不动,出气
/ʃ/:双唇前伸,舌成凹,两边碰上齿,中出气
/ʒ/:双唇前伸,舌成凹,两边碰上齿,上下齿微闭,无气出,声带振
1、字母 r:美式要卷舌,英式不卷舌。
4、字母组合 ary:美式发成 /eri/,英式发成 /əri/
注意的是,在本篇中未标明为字母的字符,均代表音素,括号代表省略。
某一个或者几个音脱落,把单词短语和句子快速连缀成串。
相同或相似的两个音素以及发音部位相同的音素相邻时(包括在一个单词内的情况),前一个音素不读出声。
比如,前一词以[t]结束,后一词以[t]或[d]开头,则前面的[t]往往失音。
I’ve got to go.
What do you want?
What does the man mean? [wɔ(t) də(z) ðə mæ (n) mi:n]
如有两个爆破音[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g] 连贯出现在同一单词内部或连贯出现在前一单词结尾与后一单词开头, 前一辅音音素只按其发音部位形成阻碍,但不爆破,或者说前一音保留口型和发音时间却并不发音,但是听者能感到这个音的存在,稍作间息后 立即过渡到后一个音的发音部位并爆破,这种现象称为失去爆破。
sit down → si(t)down
cut down \qquad step down \qquad slab glass
有时后一单词开头不一定是爆破音素,而是其他的辅音也同样可以造成前一单词尾爆破音素的失掉。
Good night →Goo (d) night,
contact lens →conta (ct) lens
失去爆破现象不仅仅发生在两个单词之间,也可以发生在同一个单词的内部.
English→En(g)lish, \qquad friendly→frien (d)ly \qquad handbag
前一词以持续音+[t][d]结尾,后一词以辅音开头,则其中[t][d]失音.
[st]+辅音 \qquad [wt]+辅音 \qquad [lt]+辅音 \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad [ft]+辅音
[zd]+辅音 \qquad [vd]+辅音 \qquad [ld]+辅音 \qquad [nd]+辅音 \qquad [md]+辅音 \qquad [td]+辅音
last class \qquad next day \qquad bend back
前一词以破音/擦音+[t][d]结束,后一词以辅音开头,则其中[t][d]失音.
[pt]+辅音 \qquad [tft]+辅音 \qquad [kt]+辅音(如完结于skt则脱k而不是t)
[bd]+辅音 \qquad [gd]+辅音 \qquad [dvd]+辅音 \qquad [vd]+辅音
kept quiet \qquad swept valley \qquad rubbed gently
若后一词始于h则[t][d]很少脱落
kept her waiting
位于句末单词的词尾的辅音音素读的一般较轻或不读出声.
缩略即在书写时将两个或多个相邻的单词省略某些字母而连接起来,在口头说出时则省略相应的某些音素后读做一个单词。我们把缩略的书写形式称为缩略式,把缩略产生的音变称为缩略音.
I am [ai æ m] → I’m [aim] \qquad you have [ju: hæ v] →[ju:v]
how is [hau iz] → how’s [hauz] \qquad that would [ðæ t wud]→that’d [ ðæ (t)d]
动词否定结尾的缩写形式n’t中的[t]失音,无论后一词以元音还是辅音开头。
You mustn’t lose it.
Doesn’t she know?
He wouldn’t overeat.
连读即连在一起读,就是两个或多个分属不同单词的音素因为相邻或语速较快等原因而连在一起读出的现象。
1.连读只发生在句子中的同一个意群中。比如There is a book in it.一句中book与in往往不连读,因为book与in分别在两个不同的意群中。
2.在个别情况下,为了避免误会,在允许连读的地方也不宜连读。比如 than ever 如果连读则可能被误解为 than never。
前一个单词以辅音音素结尾,后一个单词以元音音素开头,并且两个词处于同一个意群或者说话者语速较快时,两词发生连读。
as it is →[e si tiz ] 三个单词因连读而分割,重组为三个不同的发音组合。
half an hour → [hɑ:fu æ nauə] 因连读,单词被肢解重组,变得面目全非。
My pen`s out of ink again. → [mai pə:n zau tə vinkə gein]
not at all → [nɔ tæ tɔ:l] 这个词组的发音和三个独立单词的发音相去甚远。
902 5050 → [nai•no•too fai•vo•fai•vo]
hold on → [hol don]
tell her I miss her → [teller I misser]
如果前一个单词以辅音音素结尾,后一个单词的读音以轻辅音音素[h]开头,语速较快时,直接与[h]后面的元音音素发生击穿轻辅音[h]的连读。
isn’t he→[izn ti]
the rent here→[ðə ren tiə]
don’t have→[dəun tæ v]
for him → [fə rim],[fə rəm],[frəm]
sell her books →[se lə buks]
I lent him a book.→[ai lən ti mə buk]
Ha(s he) done it before?
Mus(t he) [ti] go?
相邻的前一个词的词尾和后一个词的词首是元音时,常连读,即中间不能 停顿,听起来好像一个词。元音音素与元音音素的连读发生的情况比较少,一般是[i:]或[u:]和其它元音音素的连读,同时伴随着音变。
如果前一个词是由元音[u]结尾,下一个词由元音开头,那么,在[u]后面加上一个辅音[w];如果前一个词是由元音[i]结尾,下一个词由元音开头,那么,在[i]后面加上一个辅音[y]。
Go away. → [Go(w)away]
I also need the other one. → [I(y)also need thee(y)other one]
go anywhere → [go(w)anywhere]
through our → [through(w)our]
do I? → [do(w)I?]
I asked → [I(y)asked]
she always → [she(y)always]
单词词尾是辅音,之后单词的词首也是相同的辅音时,通常前者的辅音可以省略,只念后者的辅音。这种情况常发生在[p] [t] [k] [d] [g]等辅音出现的时候。
deep pond \qquad stop playing \qquad keep pace \qquad hot tea \qquad part time \qquad at two
辅音音素与辅音音素的连读发生的情况比较少,一般是[t][d]和[r][w][j]等的连读,注意发生的音变。
Part one. → [pa: twʌn]
You must remain in bed for two days. → [ju: mʌs tri`mei nin be(d) fɔ: tu: deiz]
David read the letter again and again. → [`deivi dre(d) ðə`letə ə`gei næ n də`gen]
相邻的前一个词以 re 或 r(在英音中,它们不发音;在美音中,读[r]) 结尾,后一个词以元音音素开头,这时[r]要读出来,并与这个元音连读。
There is an old man under the tree. → [ ðɛə ri zə nəul(d) mæ n `ʌndə ðə tri:]
I lent her a pen. → [ai len tə rə pen]
You should buy a bicycle for him. → [ju ʃud bai ə `baisikl fɔ rim]
here are \qquad four eggs \qquad for example
以 ng 结尾读[ŋ]的单词,如果后面紧跟以元音音素开头的单词,发生连读时,中间加一个音素[g]。
ring him → [riŋ gim]
如果前面的单词是以t/d/s/z结尾,后面的单词是以Y开头(一般是you这个词), 那么有如下的连读规则可以使用。
连读时发生的四个常见的音变:
[t]+[j] == [tʃ] \qquad [d]+[j] == [dʒ] \qquad [s]+[j] == [ʃ] \qquad [z]+[j] == [ʒ],
wouldn’t you → [`wudn tʃu:]
last year → [la:s tʃə:]
and you → [æ n dʒu:]
duty → [`dʒu:ti]
miss you → [mi ʃu:]
Yes, you are. → [yeshu are]
because you → [bi `kɔ: ʒu:]
How’s your sister? → [hau ʒɔ:`sistə]
在美音中, [p]和[b]、 [t]和[d]、 [k]和[g]以及[tʃ]和[dʒ]的读音经常互相转换。
[S] 后的清辅音[k] [p] [t]要浊化成[g] [b] [d]。
sky skill discussion(c发k的音): [k] 浊化成 [g]
stop student stand: [t] 浊化成[d]
space sport expression:[p] 浊化成 [b]
美音中:[t] 在单词的中间被浊化成[d]
write,writer, 听起来和ride,rider 的发音几乎没有区别。 \qquad letter \qquad out of
一般来说:
实词重读,如动词、名词、副词等;
虚词弱读,如介词、代词等
弱读的规则一般是:元音音节弱化成 [E] (额)
why am I here? wai em ai hie
as much as possible. ez … ez
try to stop. te
the thing that annoys me. e
元音弱化的第一阶梯是,如果一个元音的弱化程度不太厉害,则它仅改变为比它低一级的元音发出。
[i:]可弱化为[i]。
如单词 he[hi:]在日常口语中最常发出的实际上是[hi]的音,而不是完完 全全的[hi:]。只要仔细听一下磁带或体会一下自己以自然速度说口语时的发音就会发现这一点。
同理,其他元音在第一阶梯的弱化形式为:
[u:]弱化为[u], [ɔ:]弱化为[ɔ],
[ə:]弱化为[ə], [ei]弱化为[i]等
弱化的第二阶梯是所有的元音经过一定程度弱化后都可以变为[ə]音, 这使元音发生了较大程度的弱化,是所有元音共有的弱化状态,所以弱音中表现形式最多的就是这[ə]音。
单词 for from to some am do have does
强式 [fɔ:] [frɔ:m] [tu:] [sʌm] [æ m] [du:] [hæ v] [dʌz]
弱式 [fə] [frəm] [tə] [səm] [əm] [də] [həv] [dəz]
弱化的第三阶梯,是元音音素因过分弱化而消失。这一阶段的弱化可视为失音的一种。这往往在语速过快时,出现于长句子中被弱读的词上。
节奏并不仅仅指说话的速度快慢,还包含了许多平时不被重视的小环节,比如语调的升降、词语的重音、句子在何处停顿。
现将句子划分意群的一般原则归纳如下:
1.名词词组
1)冠词+名词,
例:a country
2)名词+名词,例:comrade Li
3)指示代词+名词,例:this book
4)形容词+名词,例:natural science
5)作形容词用的名词或分词+名词,例:New Year’s Day the working class
6)数词+名词,例:thirty-two note-books
7)数词+数词,例:223–two hundred and twenty-three
8)不定代词+名词,例:some ink
2.介词短语,例:from now on with an effort
3.副词短语,例:day and night first of all
4.副词+介词短语,例:early in the morning far into the night
5.副词+动词,或动词+副词,例:quite understand study hard
6.一些固定的动词词组,例:to take a rest to have a meeting to get ready
7.联系动词+表语,例:be at school grow quite well
8.主语+谓语,这种句型用于简短语句时,一般划分为一个意群,例:He stands up.They are very happy.
9.主语+谓语+宾语,这种句型用于简短语句时,划分为一个意群,例:I can speak English.He gave me a book.
10.简短的名词性从句,包括主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句,例:That he will come here/is certain.(主语从句)This is/how he studies English.(表语从句)He told me/where I could find my book.(宾语从句)
11.简短的定语从句,例:This is a factory/that makes cloth.
12.简短的状语从句,状语从句可以放在句首或句末。放在句首时,从句后通常要用逗号;放在句末时,从句一般不用逗号,每个简短的状语从句分为一个意群,例:I waited/till he come back.He can’t come/because he is ill.We worked fast/so that we finish our plan.
实例:
1.They live in that large house / on the other side / of the bridge. //
2.In the morning / the boy goes to school early. // Sometimes / he was late, / because his mother was in poor health. //
3.It is very important for us / to take part in manual labour / from time to time. //
4.Do you remember all those years / when scientists argued that smoking would kill us / but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure.
5.However, whether it comes from the common ancestor / that the species had 35 million years ago, / is, / as yet, /an unanswered question.//
6.What is harder to establish / is whether the productivity revolution/ that businessmen assume they are presiding over/ is for real.//
7.She sells sea shells / by the sea shore. //The shells she sells / are surely seashells. // So / if she sells shells / on the seashore, I’m sure / she sells seashore shells.
8.I cannot bear to see a bear / bear down upon a hare. // When bare of hair / he strips the hare, / right there / I cry, / “Forbear!” //
9.There once was a man / who had a sister; /his name was Mr. Fister. // Mr. Fister’s sister sold sea shells / by the sea shore. Mr. Fister / didn’t sell sea shells;/he sold silk sheets.// Mr. Fister told his sister / that he sold six silk sheets to six shieks. The sister of Mr. Fister said / I sold six shells to six shieks too! //
10.How much wood / would a woodchuck chuck / if a woood chuck / could chuck wood?A woodchuck / would chuck all the wood / a woodchuck could chuck / if a woodchuck could chuck wood. // How many cookies / could /a good cook / cook?If a good cook / could cook cookies, a good cook / could cook / as much cookies / as a good cook / who could cook cookies.//
11.A snow-white swan / swam swiftly / to catch a slowly-swimming snake / in a lake. //
12.Once / two hunters went hunting / in the forest. One of them / suddenly fell down / by accident. He showed the whites of his eyes / and seemed to have ceased breathing. The other hunter / soon took out his mobile phone / to call the emergency center / for help.// The operator said calmly, /“First, / you should make sure /that he is already dead.” // Then / the operator / heard a gunshot / from the other end of the phone / and next he heard the hunter asking, /"What should I do next? "//