英语语法梳理

语法结构
✨[一] 主谓
✨[二] 主谓宾   I can cope this problem .
✨[三] 主系表   is am are 
✨[四] 主谓+双宾语
    人:间接宾语
    物:直接宾语
    She gives  me   a gread hand .
    主    谓      间接宾语        直宾

✨[五] 主谓宾+宾补
    Dr.Z made english so easy .
    主    谓    宾       宾补

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如何翻译:
1.结构分析找主干 [主干中的谓语动词]
2.句子逐个翻译
3.推敲调整
    3.1. 主干顺序走
    3.2. 定语状语往前勾[定语过长/非限定性定语从句]
    3.3. 后置法单独成句
    3.4. 状语有特例 [结果状语-后置法翻译  so that / such that ]
    3.5. 前因后果多主动
    3.6. 名词从句依序翻

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三大从句
✨定语从句-形容词从句
✨状语从句-副词性从句
✨名词性从句-名词/主语从句/宾/表/同位语从句

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同位语:

[同位语对] 前面的[抽象名词]进行解释说明.
被解释的词和同位语在逻辑上是主表关系,  同位语要和它修饰的名词格式一致,并且紧挨在一起
--------------------
     抽象名词
        |
  修饰  限定  说明
          |
      同位语
--------------------

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✨that 引导名词性从句的时候,在句子中不做成分也没有意义
I love you is true [语法错误 , 有两个谓语]
That I love you is true . [主语从句]
it is true that i love you [主语从句]
-----
  |
形式主语

I believe that you can make it [宾语从句]
               ---------------

My suggestion is that you should study english well . [表语从句]
                             _____
                                 |
                             情态动词
I have a suggestion that you should study english well . [同位语从句]

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✨what 引导名词性从句时,在从句中作成分[主语 或 宾语]
        表示 [是什么] ,是一种内容

What many parents concern is the education problem of their children . [主语从句]

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✨ how 引导名词性从句 在从句中有意义 表示 [怎么], 是一种方式
how + adj./adv. 表示 [多么]. 表示一种程度.
You just can not imagine how much I love you. [宾语从句]

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✨whether 是否   ✨which 哪一个

Wether xxxx was killed or not is unknown to us. [主语从句]
We do not known wether xxx was killed or not.  [宾语从句]

ability to do sth  做某事的能力

we have ability to learn english well [to do 不定式]

[并列 , 前后语法必须一致]

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✨that在引导同位语从句中,不做成分也没有意义
✨that 引导的定语从句, that 必须做成分[主语或宾语]
       并且做宾语的时候, that 可以被省略.

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✨同位语从句 是[名词性从句], 就等于一个名词, 是该名词的内容
  和其解释说明.
✨定语从句 是 [形容词性从句],相当于一个形容词.是对名词或代词
  继续限定或修饰.  

✨引导同位语从句的引导词有很多, 但是 that 最常见.
  同位语从句 = 句子 = 名词

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✨宾语后置现象
    如果宾语过长,则把宾语放在宾补之后,构成宾语后置现象.
    翻译的时候,正常翻译即可.

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✨定语
    修饰名词或者代词
    定语放在谁的后面,不一定修饰谁.

    a,b and c + 定语
    情况 1: 定语修饰 c
    情况 2: 定语修饰 a+b+c

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✨英语重结构 -法治
✨汉语中意境 -人治
✨英语多长句 
✨汉语多短句
✨英语多被动
✨汉语多主动
✨英语多变化
✨汉语多重复

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✨ and 和
✨ or 或者
✨ but 介词->除了 = except
       并且连词 -> 但是
       并列连词 -> 前后语法必须一致.
                      [所有形同的成分,可以省略].
✨ as 引导词
    1.当.....时候
    2.因为
    3.随着
    4.尽管/虽然 引导让步状语从句[翻译为: “尽管……”或“即使……”]需要倒桩,把被强调的内容提前.

Ugly as I am, I am tender.  尽管我很丑,但我很温柔.
As I am ugly , I am tender. 因为我很丑,所以我很温柔.

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✨[非限制性定语从句]
    非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，
    它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，
    其前后都需要用逗号隔开。

✨[关系代词]
    关系代词指的是代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。
    关系代词有主格、宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。
    关系代词用来引导定语从句。

关系代词有主格、宾格和属格（所有格）之分，并有指人与指物之分。
that的用法最广，that 可指人也可指物。见表：

-----------------------------------------------------------
            限定性        非限定性                限定性
            指人            指物                    指物
-----------------------------------------------------------
主 格    who/that         which                which/that
-----------------------------------------------------------
宾 格    whom/that       which                  which/that
-----------------------------------------------------------
属 格    whose             of which/whose        of which/whose
-----------------------------------------------------------

[but]，[as]，[than]作关系代词引导定语从句

✨[but]既可指人，也可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语。

    but本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相当于"that /which /who...not"。
    它前面的主句通常有"否定"的词（如：no，not， little，few，hardly等）。
    but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，达到强烈肯定的修饰效果。
    例如： There is no mother but loves her own children．
            没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。

✨[as]既可指人，也可指物，常在限制性定语从句中充当主、宾、表语。
    [as]引导的定语从句的先行词前面常有as /such /the same等修饰词。
    例如： ①He is as brave a man as ever lived．
            他是世界上最勇敢的人。 

          ②Don’t read such books as are not worth reading．
              不要读那些不值得读的书。 

    [as]作关系代词，还可用来引导非限制性定语从句，as引导的定语从句可放在句首、句中或句末。
    例如： ① Taiwan，as we all know，is an inseparable part of China． 
            ②As we all know，Taiwan is an inseparable part of China． 
            ③Taiwan is an inseparable part of China， as we all know．

✨[than]前通常有表比较的词。
    例如：Fewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party．
        来参加晚会的朋友比我们预料的还要少。

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✨形容词性从句
                      |- that
                       |- who
        |- 关系代词  |- whom
        |              |- whose
定语从句    |             |_ which
        |
        |
        |           |- when
        |- 关系副词 |- where
                    |- what
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✨不能用 that 引导的定语从句
[1].非限定性定语从句 [,]
    [,who]/[,whom]/[,whose]/[,when]/[,which]/[,where]/[,as]

    YY is a beautiful girl , who lvoes Z.
    YY is a beautiful girl , whose husband is  Z.
    YY is a beautiful girl ,as we all know .
[2]. 引导词前面有介词
    This is the place that we live in.  √
    This is the place in which  live in. [前面有介词 in , 不能用 that]
                      --------
    This is the place where we live . 
    [in which 可以准换成 where . 二换一. 不可以一换一, 因为 where 和 which 词性不一样,一个关系代词一个关系副词]

[3]. when where why 关系副词引导定语从句
✨when 是 time 相关的[名词]+[when 引导的定语从句]
    when 是关系副词,在定语从句中作状语

    I still remember the day when I went to school . [定语从句]
                                  _________________

    When I was a child , I love maths . [ 时间状语从句 , 修饰的是 lvoe ]

✨where 跟 place 相关的名称 + where 引导的定语从句
        在 where 引导的定语从句中,where 是副词,做状语.

    This is the place where we live.
    This is a field where can get sucess.

✨why
    reason + why 引导的定语从句
    在 why 引导的定语从句中, why 是副词,做状语
This is the reason why I succeed.         -->   succeed v.
This is the reason why I am successful.  -->   successful adj.

✨which 
    引导的非限定定语从句, which 可以指代前面的名词,也可以指代整个句子.

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✨定语过长
✨非限定性定语从句
✨采用后置法翻译,单独成句

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✨副词性从句  = 状语从句 

看引导词知道是什么状语就行了

    时间状语从句 : when/while/before
    地点状语从句 : where
    原因状语从句 : because
    方式状语从句 :  as if(as though)   in...the.... manner  
    比较状语从句 : as..as 和..一样..   than
    让步状语从句 : while however = no matter how
    条件状语从句 : if unless
    结果状语从句 : so..that..  such..that...
    目的状语从句 : in order that

✨定语从句: 形容词从句 一定要 修饰名词
✨[is] 在句子中是系动词也是谓语动词

✨1.Strik while the iron is hot .  [时间状语从句]
    趁热打铁

✨2.It will be for days before they come back. [时间状语从句]
     在他们回来之前,还得有四天
✨3.The famous scientist grew up where he was born
    and in 1930 he came to shanghai. [地点状语从句 修饰 动词 grew up ]
✨4.She found her passport where she lost it .[地点状语从句, 修饰found ]
✨5.He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. [ 修饰 situation]
    is likely to  很可能
✨6.Hero worship is strongest where there is least regard for hunman freedom. [地点状语   修饰 is ]
✨7.This book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that on about history. [原因状语从句.][后面这句省略了谓语动词 is]
                                        ------- = because

✨8.We shall let you know the details soon in order 
    that you can make your arrangements.[目的状语从句]

    in order to study english well you have to work hard .  
    ------------------------------
            目的状语 [非目的状语从句,因为 in order to 后面不能接句子.]        
✨9.He always studied so hard that he made great progress . [结果状语从句]

✨10. It's such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.[结果状语从句 such..that..]
        
✨11.I missed the train and consequently was late from work .[结果状语从句 consequently]
                          adv. 因此/所以

✨12.You will get good grades if you study hard . [条件状语从句 if ]

✨13.You will be late unless you leave immediately. [条件状语从句 unless ]

✨14.Child as he was , he knew that was the right thing to do.
    Though he was a small child , he knew what was the right thing to do.

    [as 引导让步状语从句]
    引导让步状语从句, 需要倒桩,被强调内容提前

✨15.Try hard as he will , he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. [satisfactorily 修饰 to do ]
     Though he tries hard, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

✨16.He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep . [比较状语从句]

✨17.The youth of today are better off than we used to be . [比较状语从句]

✨18.Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas form our minds. [方式状语]

✨19.They completely ignore these facts as if(as though) they never existed.[方式状语]

satisfactorily  [ˌsætɪs'fæktərəlɪ]  adv. 令人满意的

well off 富裕 好

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✨ while
1.when 引导时间状语从句
    when LI was a child he loved english.
2.尽管虽然, 引导让步状语从句
    when LI is extremely ugly , he is talented.
3.然而  连词 弱转折

    LI is extremely ugly , while he is talented.
    LI is extremely ugly , and he is talented.
    LI is extremely ugly , who he is talented.  [变为从句]

    ✨逗号不能连接两个句子. 必须加个加个连词/或者其中一个句子变为从句.
        逗号不能连接两个简单句.
        例如,He raises a dog,I like the dog very much.
        这是个病句,因为英语语法中的简单句必须用并列连词and,but,or,so等连接.
        如果你想连接也可以,
        可改为：He raises a dog,and I like...
    ✨分号[;]可以连接两个句子

4. 与此同时

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✨
in order to 目的状语 后面不可以跟句子
in order that 目的状语 , 后面可以跟句子

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✨ [as]
1.作为
2.像   as such 像这样的
3.当...的时候
4.因为 = because 
5.随着,便随
6.尽管虽然 引导让步状语从句, 需要倒装,被强调内容提前

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✨however 
1.no matter how 无论怎么 [引导让步状语从句]

 However hard it is , he will never give up.

 2.表示'然而'是转折关系. 必须加 逗号[,]
         逗号[,] 在句首 , 后面必须加逗号
         逗号[,] 在句中, 前后必须加逗号

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✨ whenever = not matter when  无论什么时候
✨ wherever = not matter where 无论何地

Whatever happens , 
However hopeless and difficult, 
I promise you I will never give up loving you .

Whatever you go , Whatever you do
I will right to here, waiting for you.

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✨✨✨✨✨✨✨特殊情况✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨
✨more than 
    1.more than + 数字 , 表示 比..多.. , 多于..
        we have been friend for more than 20 years
    2.more than +  名词/动词 表示: 不仅仅 不只是
        she is more than a friend to me .
    3.more than + 形容词/副词 表示:  非常
        I am more than glad to see you.
    4.more a than b   与其说 b,不如说 a.
        she is more beautiful than clever .
    5.less a than b
        与其说a,不如说b
    6.not so much a as b 与其说 a , 不如说 b
    7.no more ... than .. 不.. 也不...

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✨特殊结构
    虚拟语气
    倒装句
    形式主语
    形式宾语
    强调句

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✨虚拟语气
[一].跟现在事实相反的虚拟
    if 从句-过去时 were
    主语+情态动词[would ; should ; could ; might ]+ do

    If I were you , I would go abroad at once.
    如果是我是你, 我立即就出国.
    [1] 省略 if 从句 : 
        I would go abroad at once.
    [2] 省略 if, 把 were 提前 构成倒装: 
        Were I you , I would go abroad at once.
[二].跟过去事实相反的虚拟
    if 从句-过去完成时 had done
    主语+情态动词[would ; should ; could ; might ]+ hava done [现在完成时]

    If you had followed the instructions of Dr.chen last year .you would have succeed.
    [1] 省略 if 从句 : 
        You would have succeed.
    [2] 省略 if , 把 had 提前,构成倒装: 
        Had you  followed the instructions of Dr.chen last year .you would have succeed.
[三].对将来的虚拟
     If he should come tomorrow, he would help us settle this proble.
    [1] ✨不能省掉 if从句 .
    [2] 省略 if , 把 should 提前,构成倒装: 
        Should he  come tomorrow, he would help us settle this proble.

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✨倒装句
[一] 完全倒装和部分倒装
    完全倒装: 把谓语动词提前. -少见

        there is a book. [完全倒装]

    部分倒装:情态动词提前 或者 把助动词[do does did have has had] 提前
        I do love you .
        do I love you ?

[二]修辞倒装和语法倒装 ===> 还原为正常顺序翻译.
    修饰倒装:修饰手法-吸引读者注意力
    Graceful and elegant is L.

    语法倒装:语法要求必须倒装
    1.as 表示尽管,虽然的时候,引导让步状语从句需要倒装.
    2.only+副词或者介词短语放句首要倒装.
      only+状语放句首要倒装.

      only you can save me .
      only books can enrich the mind of people.

      only yesterday, did he realize that he was wrong.
      only by doing so, can we settle this problem completely.
    3.虚拟语气中 省略 if 把 were/had/should 提前构成倒装.
    4.否定词,表示否定意义的词或者短语放句首要倒装.
      I have never seen such a kind and talented teacher as L.

      never I have  seen such a kind and talented teacher as L.

      hardly=rarely=barely=scarcely = 几乎不
      in no way = by no means = under no circumstances = 绝不,任何情况下都不.

      under no circumstances should we pollute the environment.

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✨形式主语和形式宾语
    翻译技巧:
        1.把真正主语提前.
        2.  ... 的是     显然的是

it = the weather 天气

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✨强调句
    it is ... that....
    it is ... which....
    it is ... who....

    去掉无影响,则为强调句.