synchronized与lock之间的性能比较

1.关于两者的实现的比较

A).一般认为synchronized关键字的实现是源自于像信号量之类的线程同步机制，涉及到线程运行状态的切换，在高并发状态下，CPU消耗过多的时间在线程的调度上，从而造成了性能的极大浪费。然而真的如此么？ 

线程的状态主要有一下五种，分别是新建状态，就绪状态，运行状态，阻塞状态，消亡状态等5种状态

B).lock实现原理则是依赖于硬件，现代处理器都支持CAS指令，所谓CAS指令简单的来说Compare And Set，CPU循环执行指令直到得到所期望的结果，换句话来说就是当变量真实值不等于当前线程调用时的值的时候(说明其他线程已经将这个值改变)，就不会赋予变量新的值。这样就保证了变量在多线程环境下的安全性。

然而，现实情况是当JDK版本高于1.6的时候，synchronized已经被做了CAS的优化：具体是这样的，当执行到synchronized代码块时，先对对象头的锁标志位用lock cmpxchg的方式设置成“锁住“状态，释放锁时，在用lock cmpxchg的方式修改对象头的锁标志位为”释放“状态，写操作都立刻写回主内存。JVM会进一步对synchronized时CAS失败的那些线程进行阻塞操作(调用操作系统的信号量)(此段来摘自别处)。也就是先CAS操作，不行的话继而阻塞线程。

除此之外，系统环境，CPU架构，虚拟机环境都会影响两者的性能关系。

举例如下

1).X86_64 cpu i7 4910mq @4.0ghz ,Windows10 64bit,JDK1.8 hotspot 64bit虚拟机环境

测试代码

测试对某Map对象高并发下的读写线程安全测试 
测试对比有synchronized，ReadWriteLock，ConcurrentHashMap，

public class MapTest {

     private Map map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

     private long starttime;

     private AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(t_count);

     private final static int t_count = 5000;

     private final static int rw_count = 10000;

        Runnable readrun = new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                int i = rw_count;
                while (i > 0){
                    map.get(i);
                    i--;
                }
                System.out.println("read-mapsize="+map.size());
                if(count.decrementAndGet() == 0)
                    System.out.println("time="+ (System.currentTimeMillis() - starttime +"ms"));
            }
        };

        Runnable writerun = new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                int i = rw_count;
                while (i > 0){
                    map.put(i,i+"");
                    i--;
                }
                System.out.println("write-mapsize="+map.size());
                if(count.decrementAndGet() == 0)
                    System.out.println("time="+ (System.currentTimeMillis() - starttime + "ms"));
            }
        };

        public void run(){
            starttime = System.currentTimeMillis();
            for(int i = 0;i < t_count/2;i ++){
                new Thread(writerun).start();
                new Thread(readrun).start();
            }
        }
}

HashMap 用synchronized重写

public class SyncHashMap extends HashMap{

    @Override
    public Object get(Object key) {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        synchronized (this) {
            return super.get(key);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized Object put(Object key, Object value) {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        synchronized (this) {
            return super.put(key, value);
        }

    }

}

用读写锁实现的Map代理类，有些粗糙，没加try finally

public class SyncMapProxy implements Map{

    private Map origin;
    private ReadWriteLock lock;

    public SyncMapProxy(Map origin) {
        this.origin = origin;
        lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
    }

    public static   SyncMapProxy SyncMap(Map map){
        return new SyncMapProxy(map);
    }

    @Override
    public void clear() {
        lock.writeLock().lock();
        origin.clear();
        lock.writeLock().unlock();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
        lock.readLock().lock();
        boolean res = origin.containsKey(key);
        lock.readLock().unlock();
        return res;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
        lock.readLock().lock();
        boolean res = origin.containsKey(value);
        lock.readLock().unlock();
        return res;
    }

    @Override
    public Set> entrySet() {
        lock.readLock().lock();
        Set> res = origin.entrySet();
        lock.readLock().unlock();
        return res;
    }

    @Override
    public V get(Object key) {
        lock.readLock().lock();
        V res = origin.get(key);
        lock.readLock().unlock();
        return res;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return origin.isEmpty();
    }

    @Override
    public Set keySet() {
        lock.readLock().lock();
        Set res = origin.keySet();
        lock.readLock().unlock();
        return res;
    }

    @Override
    public V put(K key, V value) {
        lock.writeLock().lock();
        V v = origin.put(key, value);
        lock.writeLock().unlock();
        return v;
    }

    @Override
    public void putAll(Map map) {
        lock.writeLock().lock();
        origin.putAll(map);
        lock.writeLock().unlock();
    }

    @Override
    public V remove(Object key) {
        lock.writeLock().lock();
        V v = origin.remove(key);
        lock.writeLock().unlock();
        return v;
    }

    @Override
    public int size() {
        return origin.size();
    }

    @Override
    public Collection values() {
        lock.readLock().lock();
        Collection res = origin.values();
        lock.readLock().unlock();
        return res;
    }
}