java-IO流: Path和Files详解

Java7中文件IO发生了很大的变化，专门引入了很多新的类：

import java.nio.file.DirectoryStream;
import java.nio.file.FileSystem;
import java.nio.file.FileSystems;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.nio.file.attribute.FileAttribute;
import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFilePermission;
import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFilePermissions;

……等等，来取代原来的基于java.io.File的文件IO操作方式.

1. Path就是取代File的

A Path represents a path that is hierarchical and composed of a sequence of directory and file name elements separated by a special separator or delimiter.

Path用于来表示文件路径和文件。可以有多种方法来构造一个Path对象来表示一个文件路径，或者一个文件：

1）首先是final类Paths的两个static方法，如何从一个路径字符串来构造Path对象：

    Path path = Paths.get("C:/", "Xmp");
    Path path2 = Paths.get("C:/Xmp");

    URI u = URI.create("file:///C:/Xmp/dd");        
    Path p = Paths.get(u);

2）FileSystems构造：

Path path3 = FileSystems.getDefault().getPath(“C:/”, “access.log”);
3）File和Path之间的转换，File和URI之间的转换：

    File file = new File("C:/my.ini");
    Path p1 = file.toPath();
    p1.toFile();
    file.toURI();

4）创建一个文件：

    Path target2 = Paths.get("C:\\mystuff.txt");
        try {
            if(!Files.exists(target2))
                Files.createFile(target2);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

windows下不支持PosixFilePermission来指定rwx权限。

5）Files.newBufferedReader读取文件：

        try {
//            Charset.forName("GBK")
            BufferedReader reader = Files.newBufferedReader(Paths.get("C:\\my.ini"), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
            String str = null;
            while((str = reader.readLine()) != null){
                System.out.println(str);
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

可以看到使用 Files.newBufferedReader 远比原来的FileInputStream，然后BufferedReader包装，等操作简单的多了。

这里如果指定的字符编码不对，可能会抛出异常 MalformedInputException ，或者读取到了乱码：

java.nio.charset.MalformedInputException: Input length = 1
    at java.nio.charset.CoderResult.throwException(CoderResult.java:281)
    at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.implRead(StreamDecoder.java:339)
    at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.read(StreamDecoder.java:178)
    at java.io.InputStreamReader.read(InputStreamReader.java:184)
    at java.io.BufferedReader.fill(BufferedReader.java:161)
    at java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:324)
    at java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:389)
    at com.coin.Test.main(Test.java:79)

6）文件写操作：

      try {
            BufferedWriter writer = Files.newBufferedWriter(Paths.get("C:\\my2.ini"), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
            writer.write("测试文件写操作");
            writer.flush();
            writer.close();
        } catch (IOException e1) {
            e1.printStackTrace();
        }

7）遍历一个文件夹：

      Path dir = Paths.get("D:\\webworkspace");
        try(DirectoryStream stream = Files.newDirectoryStream(dir)){
            for(Path e : stream){
                System.out.println(e.getFileName());
            }
        }catch(IOException e){

        }


        try (Stream stream = Files.list(Paths.get("C:/"))){
            Iterator ite = stream.iterator();
            while(ite.hasNext()){
                Path pp = ite.next();
                System.out.println(pp.getFileName());
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

上面是遍历单个目录，它不会遍历整个目录。遍历整个目录需要使用：Files.walkFileTree

8）遍历整个文件目录：

 public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{
        Path startingDir = Paths.get("C:\\apache-tomcat-8.0.21");
        List result = new LinkedList();
        Files.walkFileTree(startingDir, new FindJavaVisitor(result));
        System.out.println("result.size()=" + result.size());        
    }

    private static class FindJavaVisitor extends SimpleFileVisitor<Path>{
        private List result;
        public FindJavaVisitor(List result){
            this.result = result;
        }
        @Override
        public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs){
            if(file.toString().endsWith(".java")){
                result.add(file.getFileName());
            }
            return FileVisitResult.CONTINUE;
        }
    }

来一个实际例子：

 public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        Path startingDir = Paths.get("F:\\upload\\images");    // F:\\upload\\images\\2\\20141206
        List result = new LinkedList();
        Files.walkFileTree(startingDir, new FindJavaVisitor(result));
        System.out.println("result.size()=" + result.size()); 

        System.out.println("done.");
    }

    private static class FindJavaVisitor extends SimpleFileVisitor<Path>{
        private List result;
        public FindJavaVisitor(List result){
            this.result = result;
        }

        @Override
        public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs){
            String filePath = file.toFile().getAbsolutePath();       
            if(filePath.matches(".*_[1|2]{1}\\.(?i)(jpg|jpeg|gif|bmp|png)")){
                try {
                    Files.deleteIfExists(file);
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
              result.add(file.getFileName());
            } return FileVisitResult.CONTINUE;
        }
    }

将目录下面所有符合条件的图片删除掉：filePath.matches(“.*_[1|2]{1}\.(?i)(jpg|jpeg|gif|bmp|png)”)

  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        Path startingDir = Paths.get("F:\\111111\\upload\\images");    // F:\111111\\upload\\images\\2\\20141206
        List result = new LinkedList();
        Files.walkFileTree(startingDir, new FindJavaVisitor(result));
        System.out.println("result.size()=" + result.size()); 

        System.out.println("done.");
    }

    private static class FindJavaVisitor extends SimpleFileVisitor{
        private List result;
        public FindJavaVisitor(List result){
            this.result = result;
        }

        @Override
        public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs){
            String filePath = file.toFile().getAbsolutePath();
            int width = 224;
            int height = 300;
            StringUtils.substringBeforeLast(filePath, ".");
            String newPath = StringUtils.substringBeforeLast(filePath, ".") + "_1." 
                                            + StringUtils.substringAfterLast(filePath, ".");
            try {
                ImageUtil.zoomImage(filePath, newPath, width, height);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
                return FileVisitResult.CONTINUE;
            }
            result.add(file.getFileName());
            return FileVisitResult.CONTINUE;
        }
    }

为目录下的所有图片生成指定大小的缩略图。a.jpg 则生成 a_1.jpg

1. 强大的java.nio.file.Files

1）创建目录和文件：

     try {
            Files.createDirectories(Paths.get("C://TEST"));
            if(!Files.exists(Paths.get("C://TEST")))
                    Files.createFile(Paths.get("C://TEST/test.txt"));
//            Files.createDirectories(Paths.get("C://TEST/test2.txt"));
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

注意创建目录和文件Files.createDirectories 和 Files.createFile不能混用，必须先有目录，才能在目录中创建文件。

2）文件复制:

从文件复制到文件：Files.copy(Path source, Path target, CopyOption options);

从输入流复制到文件：Files.copy(InputStream in, Path target, CopyOption options);

从文件复制到输出流：Files.copy(Path source, OutputStream out);

     try {
            Files.createDirectories(Paths.get("C://TEST"));
            if(!Files.exists(Paths.get("C://TEST")))
                    Files.createFile(Paths.get("C://TEST/test.txt"));
//          Files.createDirectories(Paths.get("C://TEST/test2.txt"));
            Files.copy(Paths.get("C://my.ini"), System.out);
            Files.copy(Paths.get("C://my.ini"), Paths.get("C://my2.ini"), StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
            Files.copy(System.in, Paths.get("C://my3.ini"), StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

3）遍历一个目录和文件夹上面已经介绍了：Files.newDirectoryStream ， Files.walkFileTree

4）读取文件属性：

     Path zip = Paths.get(uri);
            System.out.println(Files.getLastModifiedTime(zip));
            System.out.println(Files.size(zip));
            System.out.println(Files.isSymbolicLink(zip));
            System.out.println(Files.isDirectory(zip));
            System.out.println(Files.readAttributes(zip, "*"));

5）读取和设置文件权限：

       Path profile = Paths.get("/home/digdeep/.profile");
            PosixFileAttributes attrs = Files.readAttributes(profile, PosixFileAttributes.class);// 读取文件的权限
            Set posixPermissions = attrs.permissions();
            posixPermissions.clear();
            String owner = attrs.owner().getName();
            String perms = PosixFilePermissions.toString(posixPermissions);
            System.out.format("%s %s%n", owner, perms);

            posixPermissions.add(PosixFilePermission.OWNER_READ);
            posixPermissions.add(PosixFilePermission.GROUP_READ);
            posixPermissions.add(PosixFilePermission.OTHERS_READ);
            posixPermissions.add(PosixFilePermission.OWNER_WRITE);

            Files.setPosixFilePermissions(profile, posixPermissions);    // 设置文件的权限

Files类简直强大的一塌糊涂，几乎所有文件和目录的相关属性，操作都有想要的api来支持。这里懒得再继续介绍了，详细参见 jdk8 的文档。

一个实际例子：

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.BufferedWriter;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;

public class StringTools {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            BufferedReader reader = Files.newBufferedReader(Paths.get("C:\\Members.sql"), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
            BufferedWriter writer = Files.newBufferedWriter(Paths.get("C:\\Members3.txt"), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);

            String str = null;
            while ((str = reader.readLine()) != null) {
                if (str != null && str.indexOf(", CAST(0x") != -1 && str.indexOf("AS DateTime)") != -1) {
                    String newStr = str.substring(0, str.indexOf(", CAST(0x")) + ")";
                    writer.write(newStr);
                    writer.newLine();
                }
            }
            writer.flush();
            writer.close();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

场景是，sql server导出数据时，会将 datatime 导成16进制的binary格式，形如：, CAST(0x0000A2A500FC2E4F AS DateTime))

所以上面的程序是将最后一个 datatime 字段导出的 , CAST(0x0000A2A500FC2E4F AS DateTime) 删除掉，生成新的不含有datetime字段值的sql 脚本。用来导入到mysql中。

做到半途，其实有更好的方法，使用sql yog可以很灵活的将sql server中的表以及数据导入到mysql中。使用sql server自带的导出数据的功能，反而不好处理。