Netty理论一:Java IO与NIO

1、Linux IO模型

《Unix网络编程》把I/O模型分成五类

  • 阻塞式I/O模型:整个过程都是阻塞的——BIO(java socket)


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  • 非阻塞式I/O模型:只有从内核空间复制数据时才是阻塞的,从磁盘到内核空间是非阻塞的——NIO

线程发起io请求后,立即返回(非阻塞io)。用户线程不阻塞等待,但是,用户线程要定时轮询检查数据是否就绪,当数据就绪后,用户线程将数据从用户空间写入socket空间,或从socket空间读取数据到用户空间(同步)。

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  • I/O复用:一次监控一批通道,看哪个通道有数据就返回哪个——NIO(Java)

当用户线程发起io请求后,将socket连接及关注事件注册到selector(多路复用器,os级别线程)上,selector循环遍历socket连接,看是否有关注数据就绪,如果连接有数据就绪后,就通知应用程序,建立线程进行数据读写。同BIO对比,NIO中线程处理的都是有效连接(数据就绪),且一个线程可以分管处理多个连接上的就绪数据,节省线程资源开销

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selector:注册的socket事件由数组管理,长度有限制,轮询查找时需要遍历数组。
netty中创建EventLoopGroup时可以选择使用NioEventLoopGroup,NioEventLoopGroup管理的NioEventLoop中使用的就是selector

poll:注册的socket事件由链表实现,数量没有限制,遍历链表轮询查找。

  • 信号驱动式I/O:从磁盘拷贝到内核空间(这个过程是非阻塞的)以后,信号通知用户进程,然后从内核空间拷贝用户空间(这个过程是阻塞的)

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epoll:基于事件驱动思想,采用reactor模式,通过事件回调,无需使用某种方式主动检查socket状态,被动接收就绪事件即可。
netty中创建EventLoopGroup时可以选择使用EpollEventLoopGroup。

  • 异步I/O:整个过程都是异步的,当数据已经拷贝到用户空间以后,才发信号通知进程——AIO(Java)
    线程发起io请求后,立即返回(非阻塞io),当数据读写完成后,OS通知用户线程(异步)。这里数据写入socket空间,或从socket空间读取数据到用户空间由OS完成,用户线程无需介入,所以也就不会阻塞用户线程,即异步
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Linux IO流程

  • 内核空间等待数据准备好(Waiting for the data to be ready)
  • 从内核向进程复制数据(copying the data from the kernel to the process)


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各种I/O模型的比较

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2、 Java BIO(Blocking I/O)

  • ServerSocket
  • Socket
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Demo

package com.demo.io;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.Channel;
import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
import java.nio.channels.Selector;
import java.nio.channels.ServerSocketChannel;
import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

public class MultiThreadedEchoServer {
    private int port;

    public MultiThreadedEchoServer(int port) {
        this.port = port;
    }

    public void startServer() {
        ServerSocket echoServer = null;
        Executor executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
        int i = 0;
        System.out.println("服务器在端口[" + this.port + "]等待客户请求......");
        try {
            echoServer = new ServerSocket(8080);
            while (true) {
                Socket clientRequest = echoServer.accept();
                executor.execute(new ThreadedServerHandler(clientRequest, i++));
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println(e);
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        new MultiThreadedEchoServer(8080).startServer();

    }
}
package com.demo.io;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.net.Socket;

public class ThreadedServerHandler implements Runnable {
    Socket clientSocket = null;
    int clientNo = 0;

    ThreadedServerHandler(Socket socket, int i) {
        if (socket != null) {
            clientSocket = socket;
            clientNo = i;
            System.out.println("创建线程为[" + clientNo + "]号客户服务...");
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        PrintStream os = null;
        BufferedReader in = null;
        try {
            in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(clientSocket.getInputStream()));
            os = new PrintStream(clientSocket.getOutputStream());
            String inputLine;
            while ((inputLine = in.readLine()) != null) {

                // 输入'Quit'退出
                if (inputLine.equals("Quit")) {
                    System.out.println("关闭与客户端[" + clientNo + "]......" + clientNo);
                    os.close();
                    in.close();
                    clientSocket.close();
                    break;
                } else {
                    System.out.println("来自客户端[" + clientNo + "]的输入: [" + inputLine + "]!");
                    os.println("来自服务器端的响应:" + inputLine);
                }
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println("Stream closed");
        }
    }
}
package com.demo.io;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;

public class EchoClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Socket echoSocket = null;
        PrintWriter out = null;
        BufferedReader in = null;

        try {

            echoSocket = new Socket("127.0.0.1", 8080);
            out = new PrintWriter(echoSocket.getOutputStream(), true);
            in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
                    echoSocket.getInputStream()));
            System.out.println("连接到服务器......");
            System.out.println("请输入消息[输入\"Quit\"]退出:");
            BufferedReader stdIn = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
                    System.in));
            String userInput;

            while ((userInput = stdIn.readLine()) != null) {
                out.println(userInput);
                System.out.println(in.readLine());

                if (userInput.equals("Quit")) {
                    System.out.println("关闭客户端......");
                    out.close();
                    in.close();
                    stdIn.close();
                    echoSocket.close();
                    System.exit(1);
                }
                System.out.println("请输入消息[输入\"Quit\"]退出:");
            }
        } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
            System.err.println("Don't know about host");
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.err.println("Couldn't get I/O for "
                    + "the connection ");
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }
}

3、Java NIO简介

1、变迁

  • NIO = New I/O
  • NIO 1: JSR 51
    • JDK 1.4引入
    • http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=051
  • NIO 2: JSR203
    • JDK 7
    • http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=203

2、 Java IO vs NIO

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4、 Java NIO组件之Buffer

Java NIO Buffer:一个Buffer本质上是内存中的一块,可以将数据写入这块内存,从这块内存中获取数据
java.nio定义了以下几种Buffer的实现

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1、Buffer中有三个主要概念:

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  • capacity:

    • 代表这个缓冲区的容量,一旦设定就不可以更改;比如capacity为1024的IntBuffer,代表其一次可以存放1024个int类型的值;
    • 一旦buffer的容量达到capacity,需要清空buffer,才能重新写入值
  • position:位置索引,表示当前正在操作(读写)时的位置

    • 从写操作模式到读操作模式切换的时候(flip),position 都会归零,这样就可以从头开始读写了;
  • limit:读写模式下,可操作(读写)的限制;

    • 写操作模式下,limit 代表的是最大能写入的数据,这个时候 limit 等于 capacity;
    • 读操作模式下,limit 等于 Buffer 中实际的数据大小,因为 Buffer 不一定被写满了。
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2、Direct ByteBuffer VS. non-direct ByteBuffer

  • Non-direct ByteBuffer
    -> HeapByteBuffer,标准的java类
    -> 维护一份byte[]在JVM堆上
    -> 创建开销小
  • Direct ByteBuffer
    -> DirectByteBuffer,底层存储在非JVM堆上,通过native代码操作
    -> -XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=
    -> 创建开销大
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3、Buffer API:

  • buffer创建
    • allocate/allocateDirect
    //创建一个容量为10的byte缓冲区
    ByteBuffer buff = ByteBuffer.allocate(10);
    //创建一个容量为10的char缓冲区
    CharBuffer buff = CharBuffer.allocate(10);
    
    • wrap
    //使用一个指定数组作为缓冲区的存储器,
    //缓冲区的数据会存放在bytes数组中,
    //bytes数组或buff缓冲区任何一方中数据的改动都会影响另一方
    byte[] bytes = new byte[10];
    ByteBuffer buff = ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes);
    //创建指定初始位置(position)和上界(limit)的缓冲区:
    byte[] bytes = new byte[10];
    ByteBuffer buff = ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes, 3, 8);
    
  • buffer读取
    • put/get:使用get()从缓冲区中取数据,使用put()向缓冲区中存数据
    • flip:将一个处于存数据(put)状态的缓冲区变为一个处于准备取数(get)的状态
    • mark/reset:使用mark记住当前位置(标记),之后可以使用reset将位置恢复到标记处
    • compact:压缩,将已读取了的数据丢弃,保留未读取的数据并将保留的数据重新填充到缓冲区的顶部,然后继续向缓冲区写入数据;
    • rewind/clear : 设置读写position为0;
public final Buffer rewind() {
    position = 0;
    mark = -1;  //取消标记
    return this;
    }
public final Buffer clear(){
      position = 0; //重置当前读写位置
      limit = capacity; 
      mark = -1;  //取消标记
      return this;
}
package com.demo.nio.buffers;

import java.nio.Buffer;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.CharBuffer;

public class BufferAccess {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(10);
        printBuffer(buffer);
        
        buffer.put((byte)'H').put((byte)'e').put((byte)'l').put((byte)'l').put((byte)'o');
        printBuffer(buffer);
        // 翻转缓冲区
        buffer.flip();
        printBuffer(buffer);

        //取buffer
        System.out.println("" + (char) buffer.get() + (char) buffer.get());
        printBuffer(buffer);

        buffer.mark();
        printBuffer(buffer);

        //读取两个元素后,恢复到之前mark的位置处
        System.out.println("" + (char) buffer.get() + (char) buffer.get());
        printBuffer(buffer);

        buffer.reset();
        //buffer.rewind();

        printBuffer(buffer);

        //压缩,将已读取了的数据丢弃,
        // 保留未读取的数据并将保留的数据重新填充到缓冲区的顶部,然后继续向缓冲区写入数据
        buffer.compact();
        printBuffer(buffer);

        buffer.clear();
        printBuffer(buffer);

    }
    
    private static void printBuffer(Buffer buffer) {
        System.out.println("[limit=" + buffer.limit() 
                +", position = " + buffer.position()
                +", capacity = " + buffer.capacity()
                +", array = " + new String((byte[]) buffer.array()) +"]");
    }
}
  • buffer复制(浅复制)
    • duplicate():复制一个可读可写的缓冲区
    • asReadOnlyBuffer():复制一个只读缓冲区
    • slice():复制一个从源缓冲position到limit的新缓冲区

5、 Java NIO组件之 Channel

所有的 NIO 操作始于通道,通道是数据来源或数据写入的目的地
java.nio 包中主要实现的以下几个 Channel:
FileChannel:文件通道,用于文件的读和写;
DatagramChannel:用于 UDP 连接的接收和发送;
SocketChannel:TCP 连接通道,简单理解就是 TCP 客户端;
ServerSocketChannel:TCP 对应的服务端,用于监听某个端口进来的请求;

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6、 Java NIO组件之 Selector

java.nio.channels.Selector,支持IO多路复用的抽象实体;
用于检查一个或多个NIO Channel的状态是否处于可读、可写;
这样的话,可以实现单线程管理多个channels,也就是可以管理多个网络链接,如下图;

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  • 创建Selector
Selector selector = Selector.open();
  • 注册Channel到Selector上
channel.configureBlocking(false);
SelectionKey key = channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);

//register的第二个参数,这个参数是一个“关注集合”,代表关注的channel状态,
//有四种基础类型可供监听, 用SelectionKey中的常量表示如下:
//SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT
//SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT
//SelectionKey.OP_READ
//SelectionKey.OP_WRITE
  • 从Selector中选择channel
    Selector.select 更新所有就绪的SelectionKey的状态,并返回就绪的channel个数;
    一旦向Selector注册了一个或多个channel后,就可以调用select来获取channel,select方法会返回所有处于就绪状态的channel,
    select()方法的返回值是一个int,代表有多少channel处于就绪了。也就是自上一次select后有多少channel进入就绪
int select()
int select(long timeout)
int selectNow()

迭代Selected Key集合并处理就绪channel
在调用select并返回了有channel就绪之后,可以通过选中的key集合来获取channel,这个操作通过调用selectedKeys()方法:

Set selectedKeys = selector.selectedKeys();  

Iterator keyIterator = selectedKeys.iterator();

while(keyIterator.hasNext()) {

    SelectionKey key = keyIterator.next();

    if(key.isAcceptable()) {
        // a connection was accepted by a ServerSocketChannel.

    } else if (key.isConnectable()) {
        // a connection was established with a remote server.

    } else if (key.isReadable()) {
        // a channel is ready for reading

    } else if (key.isWritable()) {
        // a channel is ready for writing
    }

    keyIterator.remove();
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7、Demo

package com.demo.nio.demo;

import java.io.IOException;

 
public class NIOEchoServer {

 
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
    int port = 8080;
    if (args != null && args.length > 0) {
        try {
        port = Integer.valueOf(args[0]);
        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
        // 采用默认值
        }
    }
    EchoHandler timeServer = new EchoHandler(port);
    new Thread(timeServer, "NIO-MultiplexerTimeServer-001").start();
    }
}
package com.demo.nio.demo;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
import java.nio.channels.Selector;
import java.nio.channels.ServerSocketChannel;
import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Set;

public class EchoHandler implements Runnable {

    private Selector selector;
    private ServerSocketChannel servChannel;
    private volatile boolean stop;
    private int num = 0;

    public EchoHandler(int port) {
        try {
            //创建Selector
            selector = Selector.open();
            //创建ServerSocketChannel并注册到Selector上,关注Accept事件
            servChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open();
            servChannel.configureBlocking(false);
            servChannel.socket().bind(new InetSocketAddress(port), 1024);
            servChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
            System.out.println("服务器在端口[" + port + "]等待客户请求......");
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public void stop() {
        this.stop = true;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        while (!stop) {
            try {
                //更新所有就绪的SelectionKey的状态,并返回就绪的channel个数
                if(selector.select(1000)==0)
                                    continue;
                 //迭代Selected Key集合并处理就绪channel
                //事件处理循环:遍历就绪的channel,分别进行处理
                Set selectedKeys = selector.selectedKeys();
                Iterator it = selectedKeys.iterator();
                SelectionKey key = null;
                while (it.hasNext()) {
                    key = it.next();
                    it.remove();
                    try {
                        handleInput(key);
                    } catch (Exception e) {
                        if (key != null) {
                            key.cancel();
                            if (key.channel() != null)
                                key.channel().close();
                        }
                    }
                }
            } catch (Throwable t) {
                t.printStackTrace();
            }
        }

        // 多路复用器关闭后,所有注册在上面的Channel和Pipe等资源都会被自动去注册并关闭,所以不需要重复释放资源
        if (selector != null)
            try {
                selector.close();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
    }

    private void handleInput(SelectionKey key) throws IOException {

        if (key.isValid()) {
            // 处理新接入的请求消息,Accept事件
            if (key.isAcceptable()) {
                ServerSocketChannel ssc = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();
                SocketChannel socketChannel = ssc.accept(); // Non blocking, never null
                socketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
                SelectionKey sk = socketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);

                sk.attach(num++);
            }
             //处理read事件
            if (key.isReadable()) {
                // 读取数据
                SocketChannel sc = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
                ByteBuffer readBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
                int readBytes = sc.read(readBuffer);
                if (readBytes > 0) {
                    readBuffer.flip();
                    byte[] bytes = new byte[readBuffer.remaining()];
                    readBuffer.get(bytes);
                    String body = new String(bytes, "UTF-8");
                    System.out.println("来自客户端[" + key.attachment() + "]的输入: [" + body.trim() + "]!");

                    if (body.trim().equals("Quit")) {
                        System.out.println("关闭与客户端[" + key.attachment() + "]......");
                        key.cancel();
                        sc.close();
                    } else {
                        String response = "来自服务器端的响应:" + body;
                        doWrite(sc, response);
                    }

                } else if (readBytes < 0) {
                    // 对端链路关闭
                    key.cancel();
                    sc.close();
                } else {

                }
            }
        }
    }

    private void doWrite(SocketChannel channel, String response) throws IOException {
        if (response != null && response.trim().length() > 0) {
            byte[] bytes = response.getBytes();
            ByteBuffer writeBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(bytes.length);
            writeBuffer.put(bytes);
            writeBuffer.flip();
            channel.write(writeBuffer);
        }
    }
}
package com.demo.nio.demo;

public class NIOEchoClient {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        int port = 8080;
        if (args != null && args.length > 0) {
            try {
                port = Integer.valueOf(args[0]);
            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
            }
        }
        new Thread(new NIOEchoClientHandler("127.0.0.1", port), "NIOEchoClient-001").start();
    }
}
package com.demo.nio.demo;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
import java.nio.channels.Selector;
import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

public class NIOEchoClientHandler implements Runnable {

    private String host;
    private int port;

    private Selector selector;
    private SocketChannel socketChannel;
    
    private ExecutorService executorService;

    private volatile boolean stop;

    public NIOEchoClientHandler(String host, int port) {
        this.host = host == null ? "127.0.0.1" : host;
        this.port = port;
        this.executorService= Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();

        try {
            selector = Selector.open();
            socketChannel = SocketChannel.open();
            socketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            socketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT);
            socketChannel.connect(new InetSocketAddress(host, port));
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            System.exit(1);
        }
        while (!stop) {
            try {
                selector.select(1000);
                Set selectedKeys = selector.selectedKeys();
                Iterator it = selectedKeys.iterator();
                SelectionKey key = null;
                while (it.hasNext()) {
                    key = it.next();
                    it.remove();
                    try {
                        handleInput(key);
                    } catch (Exception e) {
                        if (key != null) {
                            key.cancel();
                            if (key.channel() != null)
                                key.channel().close();
                        }
                    }
                }
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
                System.exit(1);
            }
        }

        // 多路复用器关闭后,所有注册在上面的Channel和Pipe等资源都会被自动去注册并关闭,所以不需要重复释放资源
        if (selector != null) {
            try {
                selector.close();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        
        if(executorService != null) {
            executorService.shutdown();
        }
    }

    private void handleInput(SelectionKey key) throws IOException {
        if (key.isValid()) {
            // 判断是否连接成功
            SocketChannel sc = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
            if (key.isConnectable()) {
                if (sc.finishConnect()) {
                    System.out.println("连接到服务器......");
                    
                    ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
                    System.out.println("请输入消息[输入\"Quit\"]退出:");

                    executorService.submit(() -> {
                        while(true) {
                            try {
                                buffer.clear();
                                InputStreamReader input = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
                                BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(input);
                                
                                String msg = br.readLine();
                                
                                if (msg.equals("Quit")) {
                                    System.out.println("关闭客户端......");
                                    key.cancel();
                                    sc.close();
                                    this.stop = true;
                                    break;
                                }
                                
                                buffer.put(msg.getBytes());
                                buffer.flip();
                                
                                sc.write(buffer);
                                
                                System.out.println("请输入消息[输入\"Quit\"]退出:");

                            } catch (Exception ex) {
                                ex.printStackTrace();
                            }
                        }                       
                    });
                    sc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
                } else {
                    System.exit(1); // 连接失败,进程退出
                }
            }
            
            if (key.isReadable()) {
                ByteBuffer readBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
                int readBytes = sc.read(readBuffer);
                if (readBytes > 0) {
                    readBuffer.flip();
                    byte[] bytes = new byte[readBuffer.remaining()];
                    readBuffer.get(bytes);
                    String body = new String(bytes, "UTF-8");
                    System.out.println(body);
                    
                    if(body.equals("Quit"))
                    {
                        this.stop = true;
                    }
                } else if (readBytes < 0) {
                    // 对端链路关闭
                    key.cancel();
                    sc.close();
                } else
                    ; // 读到0字节,忽略
            }
            
            if(key.isWritable()){
                 System.out.println("The key is writable");
            }
        }
    }
 

    private void doWrite(SocketChannel sc) throws IOException {
/*      System.out.println("请输入消息[输入\"Quit\"]退出:");
        BufferedReader stdIn = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
                System.in));
        String userInput;

        while ((userInput = stdIn.readLine()) != null) {
            out.println(userInput);
            System.out.println(in.readLine());*/
            byte[] req = "QUERY TIME ORDER".getBytes();
            ByteBuffer writeBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(req.length);
            writeBuffer.put(req);
            writeBuffer.flip();
            sc.write(writeBuffer);
            if (!writeBuffer.hasRemaining())
                System.out.println("Send order 2 server succeed.");

/*          
            if (userInput.equals("Quit")) {
                System.out.println("Closing client");
                out.close();
                in.close();
                stdIn.close();
                echoSocket.close();
                System.exit(1);
            }
            System.out.println("请输入消息[输入\"Quit\"]退出:");

        }*/
        
    }
}

8、NIO错误认识

1、使用NIO = 高性能
其实并不一定,在一些场景下,使用NIO并不一定更快,比如

  • 客户端应用
  • 连接数<1000
  • 并发程度不高
  • 局域网环境下

2、NIO完全屏蔽了平台差异
NO,NIO仍然是基于各个OS平台的IO系统实现的,差异仍然存在

3、使用NIO做网络编程很容易

  • 离散的事件驱动模型,编程困难
  • 陷阱重重
    (其实,真正简化网络编程的是Netty)

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