一些概念:
PKI:Public Key Infrastructure
- 签证机构:CA(Certificate Authority)
- 注册机构:RA(Register Authority)
- 证书吊销列表:CRL(Certificate Revoke Lists)
- 证书存取库
X.509:定义了证书的结构和认证协议的标准。包括版本号、序列号、签名算法、颁发者、有效期限、主体名称、主体公钥、CRL分发点、扩展信息、发行者签名等
获取证书的两种方法:
- 使用证书授权机构
- 生成签名请求(csr)
- 将csr发送给CA
- 从CA处接收签名
- 自签名的证书
- 自已签发自己的公钥重点介绍一下自建CA颁发机构和自签名。
自建CA颁发机构和自签名
实验用两台服务器,一台做ca颁发证书,一台去请求签名证书。
证书申请及签署步骤:
- 生成申请请求
- CA核验
- CA签署
- 获取证书
我们先看一下openssl的配置文件:/etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
####################################################################
[ ca ]
default_ca = CA_default # The default ca section(默认的CA配置,是CA_default,下面第一个小节就是)
####################################################################
[ CA_default ]
dir = /etc/pki/CA # Where everything is kept (dir变量)
certs = $dir/certs # Where the issued certs are kept(认证证书目录)
crl_dir = $dir/crl # Where the issued crl are kept(注销证书目录)
database = $dir/index.txt # database index file.(数据库索引文件)
new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts # default place for new certs.(新证书的默认位置)
certificate = $dir/cacert.pem # The CA certificate(CA机构证书)
serial = $dir/serial # The current serial number(当前序号,默认为空,可以指定从01开始)
crlnumber = $dir/crlnumber # the current crl number(下一个吊销证书序号)
# must be commented out to leave a V1 CRL
crl = $dir/crl.pem # The current CRL(下一个吊销证书)
private_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem# The private key(CA机构的私钥)
RANDFILE = $dir/private/.rand # private random number file(随机数文件)
x509_extensions = usr_cert # The extentions to add to the cert
# Comment out the following two lines for the "traditional"
# (and highly broken) format.
name_opt = ca_default # Subject Name options(被颁发者,订阅者选项)
cert_opt = ca_default # Certificate field options(认证字段参数)
# Extension copying option: use with caution.
# copy_extensions = copy
# Extensions to add to a CRL. Note: Netscape communicator chokes on V2 CRLs
# so this is commented out by default to leave a V1 CRL.
# crlnumber must also be commented out to leave a V1 CRL.
# crl_extensions = crl_ext
default_days = 365 # how long to certify for (默认的有效期天数是365)
default_crl_days= 30 # how long before next CRL
default_md = sha256 # use SHA-256 by default
preserve = no # keep passed DN ordering
# A few difference way of specifying how similar the request should look
# For type CA, the listed attributes must be the same, and the optional
# and supplied fields are just that :-)
policy = policy_match # 是否匹配规则
# For the CA policy
[ policy_match ]
countryName = match # 国家名是否匹配,match为匹配
stateOrProvinceName = match # 州或省名是否需要匹配
organizationName = match # 组织名是否需要匹配
organizationalUnitName = optional # 组织的部门名字是否需要匹配
commonName = supplied # 注释
emailAddress = optional # 邮箱地址
# For the 'anything' policy
# At this point in time, you must list all acceptable 'object'
# types.
[ policy_anything ]
countryName = optional
stateOrProvinceName = optional
localityName = optional
organizationName = optional
organizationalUnitName = optional
commonName = supplied
emailAddress = optional
####################################################################
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重点关注下面的几个参数:
dir = /etc/pki/CA # Where everything is kept (dir变量)
certs = $dir/certs # Where the issued certs are kept(认证证书目录)
database = $dir/index.txt # database index file.(数据库索引文件)
new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts # default place for new certs.(新证书的默认位置)
certificate = $dir/cacert.pem # The CA certificate(CA机构证书)
serial = $dir/serial # The current serial number(当前序号,默认为空,可以指定从01开始)
private_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem# The private key(CA机构的私钥)
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1、创建所需要的文件
touch /etc/pki/CA/index.txt
生成证书索引数据库文件
echo 01 > /etc/pki/CA/serial
指定第一个颁发证书的序列号,16进制数,比如可以从1a开始,一般从01开始。
2、CA自签证书
在作为CA的服务器上操作:
- 生成私钥
[root@aliyun ~]#(umask 066;openssl genrsa -out /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem 4096)
Generating RSA private key, 4096 bit long modulus
.....++
..............................................++
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- 生成自签名证书
[root@aliyun ~]#openssl req -new -x509 -key /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem -days 7300 -out /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN (国名(2个字母代码)[XX]:CN)
State or Province Name (full name) []:Beijing (州或省名称(全称)北京)
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Beijing (地区名称(如城市)[默认城市]:北京)
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:shangdigongsi (组织名称(如公司):上帝公司)
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:opt (组织单位名称:opt)
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:centos (通用名称(例如,您的名字或您的服务器的主机名)[]:centos)
Email Address []:[email protected] (电子邮件地址[]:[email protected])
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参数解析:
-new: 生成新证书签署请求 -x509: 专用于CA生成自签证书 -key: 生成请求时用到的私钥文件 -days n:证书的有效期限 -out /PATH/TO/SOMECERTFILE: 证书的保存路径
3、颁发证书
- 在需要使用证书的主机生成证书请求。(比如给一台作为博客web服务的服务器生成私钥)
[root@aliyun ~]#(umask 066; openssl genrsa -out /etc/pki/tls/private/blog.key 4096)
Generating RSA private key, 4096 bit long modulus
.....................................++
......................................................................................................................++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
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- 生成证书申请文件
[root@aliyun ~]#openssl req -new -key /etc/pki/tls/private/blog.key -days 3560 -out /etc/pki/tls/blog.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN (国名(2个字母代码)[XX]:CN)
State or Province Name (full name) []:Beijing(州或省名称(全称)北京)
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Bejing (地区名称(如城市)[默认城市]:北京)
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:shangdigongsi(组织名称(如公司):上帝公司)
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:centos(组织单位名称:opt)
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:opt (通用名称(例如,您的名字或您的服务器的主机名)[]:centos)
Email Address []:(电子邮件地址[]:[email protected])
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes (请输入以下“额外”属性)
to be sent with your certificate request(要发送您的证书请求)
A challenge password []:(密码[ ]:)
An optional company name []:(可选的公司名称)
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- 将证书请求文件传输给CA
[root@aliyun ~]#scp /etc/pki/tls/blog.csr [email protected]:/tmp/
[email protected] password
blog.csr 100% 1773 1.7Mb/s
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- CA签署证书,并将证书颁发给请求者
注意:默认国家,省,公司名称三项必须和CA一致
- 把blog.crt证书回传给申请者,申请者可以使用此证书。
证书可以放在网站里,比如tomacat服务有专门存放证书的地方,还有可能需要转化格式,此处使用方法暂略
4、吊销证书
- 在客户端获取要吊销的证书的serial
openssl x509 -in /PATH/FROM/CERT_FILE -noout -serial -subject
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- 在CA上,根据客户提交的serial与subject信息,对比检验是否与index.txt文件中的信息一致,吊销证书:
openssl ca -revoke /etc/pki/CA/newcerts/SERIAL.pem
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- 指定第一个吊销证书的编号
echo 01 > /etc/pki/CA/crlnumber
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注意:这里只有在第一次更新证书吊销列表前,才需要执行指定编号。
- 更新证书吊销列表
openssl ca -gencrl -out /etc/pki/CA/crl/crl.pem
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- 查看crl文件:
openssl crl -in /etc/pki/CA/crl/crl.pem -noout -text
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