云计算培训教程学习路线视频源码课件：构建私有的 CA 机构

CA中心申请证书的流程:

过程： 1。web服务器,生成一对非对称加密密钥（web公钥，web私钥） 2。web服务器使用 web私钥生成 web服务器的证书请求，并将证书请求发给CA服务器 3。CA服务器使用 CA的私钥 对 web 服务器的证书请求 进行数字签名得到 web服务器的数字证书，并将web服务器的数字证书颁发给web服务器。

1、CA 介绍

CA（Certificate Authority）证书颁发机构主要负责证书的颁发、管理以及归档和吊销。证书内包含了拥有证书者的姓名、地址、电子邮件帐号、公钥、证书有效期、发放证书的CA、CA的数字签名等信息。证书主要有三大功能：加密、签名、身份验证。

2、构建私有 CA

1、检查安装 openssl

[root@https-ca ~]# rpm -qa openssl

如果未安装

[root@https-ca ~]# yum install openssl openssl-devel -y

2、查看配置文件

openssl 配置/etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf有关CA的配置。如果服务器为证书签署者的身份那么就会用到此配置文件，此配置文件对于证书申请者是无作用的。

[root@https-ca ~]# vim /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf

####################################################################

[ ca ]

default_ca = CA_default # 默认的CA配置；CA_default指向下面配置块

####################################################################

[ CA_default ]

dir = /etc/pki/CA # CA的默认工作目录

certs = $dir/certs # 认证证书的目录

crl_dir = $dir/crl # 证书吊销列表的路径

database = $dir/index.txt # 数据库的索引文件

new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts # 新颁发证书的默认路径

certificate = $dir/cacert.pem # 此服务认证证书，如果此服务器为根CA那么这里为自颁发证书

serial = $dir/serial # 下一个证书的证书编号

crlnumber = $dir/crlnumber # 下一个吊销的证书编号

crl = $dir/crl.pem # The current CRL

private_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem# CA的私钥

RANDFILE = $dir/private/.rand # 随机数文件

x509_extensions = usr_cert # The extentions to add to the cert

name_opt = ca_default # 命名方式，以ca_default定义为准

cert_opt = ca_default # 证书参数，以ca_default定义为准

default_days = 365 # 证书默认有效期

default_crl_days= 30 # CRl的有效期

default_md = sha256 # 加密算法

preserve = no # keep passed DN ordering

policy = policy_match #policy_match策略生效

For the CA policy

[ policy_match ]

countryName = match #国家；match表示申请者的申请信息必须与此一致

stateOrProvinceName = match #州、省

organizationName = match #组织名、公司名

organizationalUnitName = optional #部门名称；optional表示申请者可以的信息与此可以不一致

commonName = supplied

emailAddress = optional

For the ‘anything’ policy

At this point in time, you must list all acceptable ‘object’

types.

[ policy_anything ] #由于定义了policy_match策略生效，所以此策略暂未生效

countryName = optional

stateOrProvinceName = optional

localityName = optional

organizationName = optional

organizationalUnitName = optional

commonName = supplied

emailAddress = optional

3、根证书服务器目录

根CA服务器：因为只有 CA 服务器的角色，所以用到的目录只有/etc/pki/CA

网站服务器：只是证书申请者的角色，所以用到的目录只有/etc/pki/tls

4、创建所需要的文件

[root@https-ca ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA/

[root@https-ca CA]# ls

certs crl newcerts private

[root@https-ca CA]# touch index.txt #创建生成证书索引数据库文件

[root@https-ca CA]# ls

certs crl index.txt newcerts private

[root@https-ca CA]# echo 01 > serial #指定第一个颁发证书的序列号

[root@https-ca CA]# ls

certs crl index.txt newcerts private serial

[root@https-ca CA]#

5、创建密钥

在根CA服务器上创建密钥，密钥的位置必须为/etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem，这个是openssl.cnf中中指定的路径，只要与配置文件中指定的匹配即可。

[root@https-ca CA]# (umask 066; openssl genrsa -out private/cakey.pem 2048)

Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus

…+++

…+++

e is 65537 (0x10001)

6、生成自签名证书

根CA自签名证书，根CA是最顶级的认证机构，没有人能够认证他，所以只能自己认证自己生成自签名证书。

[root@https-ca CA]# openssl req -new -x509 -key /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem -days 7300 -out /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem -days 7300

You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated

into your certificate request.

What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.

There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank

For some fields there will be a default value,

If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank.

---

Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN

State or Province Name (full name) []:BEIJING

Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:BEIJING

Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:CA

Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:OPT

Common Name (eg, your name or your server’s hostname) []:ca.qf.com

Email Address []:

[root@https-ca CA]# ls

cacert.pem certs crl index.txt newcerts private serial

-new: 生成新证书签署请求

-x509: 专用于CA生成自签证书

-key: 生成请求时用到的私钥文件

-days n： 证书的有效期限

-out /PATH/TO/SOMECERTFILE: 证书的保存路径

7、下载安装证书

/etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem就是生成的自签名证书文件，使用 SZ/xftp工具将他导出到窗口机器中。然后双击安装此证书到受信任的根证书颁发机构

[root@https-ca CA]# yum install -y lrzsz

[root@https-ca CA]# sz cacert.pem

3、客户端CA 证书申请及签名

1、检查安装 openssl

[root@nginx-server ~]# rpm -qa openssl

如果未安装，安装 openssl

[root@nginx-server ~]# yum install openssl openssl-devel -y

2、客户端生成私钥文件

[root@nginx-server ~]# (umask 066; openssl genrsa -out /etc/pki/tls/private/www.qf.com.key 2048)

Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus

…+++

…+++

e is 65537 (0x10001)

[root@nginx-server ~]# cd /etc/pki/tls/private/

[root@nginx-server private]# ls

www.qf.com.key

[root@nginx-server private]#

3、客户端用私钥加密生成证书请求

[root@nginx-server private]# ls …/

cert.pem certs misc openssl.cnf private

[root@nginx-server private]# openssl req -new -key /etc/pki/tls/private/www.qf.com.key -days 365 -out /etc/pki/tls/www.qf.com.csr

You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated

into your certificate request.

What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.

There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank

For some fields there will be a default value,

If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank.

---

Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN

State or Province Name (full name) []:BEIJING

Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:BEIJING

Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:QF

Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:OPT

Common Name (eg, your name or your server’s hostname) []:www.qf.com

Email Address []:

Please enter the following ‘extra’ attributes

to be sent with your certificate request

A challenge password []:

An optional company name []:

[root@nginx-server private]# ls …/

cert.pem certs misc openssl.cnf private www.qf.com.csr

[root@nginx-server private]#

CSR(Certificate Signing Request)包含了公钥和名字信息。通常以.csr为后缀，是网站向CA发起认证请求的文件，是中间文件。

在这一命令执行的过程中，系统会要求填写如下信息：

最后把生成的请求文件（/etc/pki/tls/www.qf.com.csr）传输给CA ,这里我使用scp命令，通过ssh协议，将该文件传输到CA下的/etc/pki/CA/private/目录

[root@nginx-server private]# cd …/

[root@nginx-server tls]# scp www.qf.com.csr 192.168.62.163:/etc/pki/CA/private

[email protected]’s password:

www.qf.com.csr 100% 997 331.9KB/s 00:00

4、CA 签署证书（在ca服务器上面操作）

使用/etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf，修改organizationName=supplied

修改 /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf

[root@https-ca ~]# vim /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf

policy = policy_match

82

83 # For the CA policy

84 [ policy_match ]

85 countryName = match

86 stateOrProvinceName = match

87 organizationName = supplied

88 organizationalUnitName = optional

89 commonName = supplied

90 emailAddress = optional

CA 签署证书

[root@https-ca ~]# openssl ca -in /etc/pki/CA/private/www.qf.com.csr -out /etc/pki/CA/certs/www.qf.com.crt -days 365

Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf

Check that the request matches the signature

Signature ok

Certificate Details:

Serial Number: 1 (0x1)

Validity

Not Before: Jul 3 10:12:23 2019 GMT

Not After : Jul 2 10:12:23 2020 GMT

Subject:

countryName = CN

stateOrProvinceName = BEIJING

organizationName = QF

organizationalUnitName = OPT

commonName = www.qf.com

X509v3 extensions:

X509v3 Basic Constraints:

CA:FALSE

Netscape Comment:

OpenSSL Generated Certificate

X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:

E3:AC:1A:55:2B:28:B9:80:DC:9C:C2:13:70:53:27:AD:3D:44:8F:D3

X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:

keyid:5D:2A:81:B2:E7:8D:D8:88:E5:7B:94:CA:75:65:9C:82:2B:A9:B2:3C

Certificate is to be certified until Jul 2 10:12:23 2020 GMT (365 days)

Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y

1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y

Write out database with 1 new entries

Data Base Updated

证书通常以.crt为后缀，表示证书文件

2、查看生成的证书的信息

[root@https-ca ~]# openssl x509 -in /etc/pki/CA/certs/www.qf.com.crt -noout -subject

subject= /C=CN/ST=BEIJING/O=QF/OU=OPT/CN=www.qf.com

3、将生成的证书发放给请求客户端(web服务端)

[root@https-ca ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA/certs/

[root@https-ca certs]# scp www.qf.com.ctr 192.168.62.162:/etc/pki/CA/certs/

[email protected]’s password:

www.qf.com.ctr 100% 4422 998.3KB/s 00:00

测试:

nginx-server(充当服务端)：

[root@nginx-server ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA/certs/

[root@nginx-server certs]# ls

www.qf.com.crt

[root@nginx-server certs]# find / -name *.key

/etc/pki/tls/private/www.qf.com.key

/usr/share/doc/openssh-7.4p1/PROTOCOL.key

还是在这台机器安装nginx并且配置证书:

root@nginx-server conf.d]# pwd

/etc/nginx/conf.d

[root@nginx-server conf.d]# vim nginx.conf

server {

listen 443 ssl;

server_name localhost;

ssl_certificate /etc/pki/CA/certs/www.qf.com.crt; #指定证书路径

ssl_certificate_key /etc/pki/tls/private/www.qf.com.key; #指定私钥路径

ssl_session_timeout 5m; #配置用于SSL会话的缓存

ssl_protocols SSLv2 SSLv3 TLSv1; #指定使用的协议

ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP; # //密码指定为OpenSSL支持的格式

ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; #设置协商加密算法时，优先使用服务端的加密，而不是客户端浏览器的。

location / {

root /usr/share/nginx/html;

index index.html index.htm;

}

}

保存重启

[root@nginx-server conf.d]# nginx -t

[root@nginx-server conf.d]# nginx -s reload

浏览器测试访问: