Android层次结构

Android层次结构

• linux kernel

• libraries+android runtime

• application framework

• application

其结构图如下：

Android中的四大组件：

• Activity
• Service
• Content Provider
• BroadcastReceiver

Activity

**简述：**Android操作系统在运行app程序时，首先会读取Android的 Manifest.xml（主配置文件）文件，在此配置文件中配置了默认的Activity（一般默认的Activity名为MianActivity），系统帮我们创建MianActivity对象，然后调用其onCreate()方法，在此方法中，系统会读取布局文件activity_main.xml，然后决定在Activity中显示哪些内容。

An Activity is an application component that provides a screen with which users can interact in order to do something, such as dial the phone, take a photo, send an email, or view a map. Each activity is given a window in which to draw its user interface. The window typically fills the screen, but may be smaller than the screen and float on top of other windows.

An application usually consists of multiple activities that are loosely bound to each other. Typically, one activity in an application is specified as the “main” activity, which is presented to the user when launching the application for the first time. Each activity can then start another activity in order to perform different actions. Each time a new activity starts, the previous activity is stopped, but the system preserves the activity in a stack (the “back stack”). When a new activity starts, it is pushed onto the back stack and takes user focus. The back stack abides to the basic “last in, first out” stack mechanism, so, when the user is done with the current activity and presses the Back button, it is popped from the stack (and destroyed) and the previous activity resumes. (The back stack is discussed more in the Tasks and Back Stack document.)

When an activity is stopped because a new activity starts, it is notified of this change in state through the activity’s lifecycle callback methods. There are several callback methods that an activity might receive, due to a change in its state—whether the system is creating it, stopping it, resuming it, or destroying it—and each callback provides you the opportunity to perform specific work that’s appropriate to that state change. For instance, when stopped, your activity should release any large objects, such as network or database connections. When the activity resumes, you can reacquire the necessary resources and resume actions that were interrupted. These state transitions are all part of the activity lifecycle.

The rest of this document discusses the basics of how to build and use an activity, including a complete discussion of how the activity lifecycle works, so you can properly manage the transition between various activity states.

创建一个Activilty的方法:

1.定义一个类，继承Activity
2.该类，复写Activity的onCreate方法
3.AndroidManifest.xml文件中注册该Activity


启动一个Activilty的方法：

1.生成一个意图（Intent）
2.调用setClass方法设置索要启动Activilty
3.调用startActivilty启动Activilty

Creating an Activity

To create an activity, you must create a subclass of Activity (or an existing subclass of it). In your subclass, you need to implement callback methods that the system calls when the activity transitions between various states of its lifecycle, such as when the activity is being created, stopped, resumed, or destroyed. The two most important callback methods are:

onCreate()

You must implement this method. The system calls this when creating your activity. Within your implementation, you should initialize the essential components of your activity. Most importantly, this is where you must call setContentView() to define the layout for the activity’s user interface.

onPause()

The system calls this method as the first indication that the user is leaving your activity (though it does not always mean the activity is being destroyed). This is usually where you should commit any changes that should be persisted beyond the current user session (because the user might not come back).

There are several other lifecycle callback methods that you should use in order to provide a fluid user experience between activities and handle unexpected interuptions that cause your activity to be stopped and even destroyed. All of the lifecycle callback methods are discussed later, in the section about Managing the Activity Lifecycle.

Implementing a user interface

The user interface for an activity is provided by a hierarchy of views—objects derived from the View class. Each view controls a particular rectangular space within the activity’s window and can respond to user interaction. For example, a view might be a button that initiates an action when the user touches it.

Android provides a number of ready-made views that you can use to design and organize your layout. “Widgets” are views that provide a visual (and interactive) elements for the screen, such as a button, text field, checkbox, or just an image. “Layouts” are views derived from ViewGroup that provide a unique layout model for its child views, such as a linear layout, a grid layout, or relative layout. You can also subclass the View and ViewGroup classes (or existing subclasses) to create your own widgets and layouts and apply them to your activity layout.

The most common way to define a layout using views is with an XML layout file saved in your application resources. This way, you can maintain the design of your user interface separately from the source code that defines the activity’s behavior. You can set the layout as the UI for your activity with setContentView(), passing the resource ID for the layout. However, you can also create new Views in your activity code and build a view hierarchy by inserting new Views into a ViewGroup, then use that layout by passing the root ViewGroup to setContentView().

For information about creating a user interface, see the User Interface documentation.

Declaring the activity in the manifest

You must declare your activity in the manifest file in order for it to be accessible to the system. To declare your activity, open your manifest file and add an element as a child of the element. For example:

... >
  ... >
      ".ExampleActivity" />
      ...
  ... >
  ...

There are several other attributes that you can include in this element, to define properties such as the label for the activity, an icon for the activity, or a theme to style the activity’s UI. The android:name attribute is the only required attribute—it specifies the class name of the activity. Once you publish your application, you should not change this name, because if you do, you might break some functionality, such as application shortcuts (read the blog post, Things That Cannot Change).

See the element reference for more information about declaring your activity in the manifest.

Using intent filters

An element can also specify various intent filters—using the element—in order to declare how other application components may activate it.

When you create a new application using the Android SDK tools, the stub activity that’s created for you automatically includes an intent filter that declares the activity responds to the “main” action and should be placed in the “launcher” category. The intent filter looks like this:

<activity android:name=".ExampleActivity" android:icon="@drawable/app_icon">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
    intent-filter>
activity>

The element specifies that this is the “main” entry point to the application. The element specifies that this activity should be listed in the system’s application launcher (to allow users to launch this activity).

If you intend for your application to be self-contained and not allow other applications to activate its activities, then you don’t need any other intent filters. Only one activity should have the “main” action and “launcher” category, as in the previous example. Activities that you don’t want to make available to other applications should have no intent filters and you can start them yourself using explicit intents (as discussed in the following section).

However, if you want your activity to respond to implicit intents that are delivered from other applications (and your own), then you must define additional intent filters for your activity. For each type of intent to which you want to respond, you must include an that includes an element and, optionally, a element and/or a element. These elements specify the type of intent to which your activity can respond.

For more information about how your activities can respond to intents, see the Intents and Intent Filters document.

Starting an Activity

You can start another activity by calling startActivity(), passing it an Intent that describes the activity you want to start. The intent specifies either the exact activity you want to start or describes the type of action you want to perform (and the system selects the appropriate activity for you, which can even be from a different application). An intent can also carry small amounts of data to be used by the activity that is started.

When working within your own application, you’ll often need to simply launch a known activity. You can do so by creating an intent that explicitly defines the activity you want to start, using the class name. For example, here’s how one activity starts another activity named SignInActivity:

Intent intent = new Intent(this, SignInActivity.class);
startActivity(intent);

However, your application might also want to perform some action, such as send an email, text message, or status update, using data from your activity. In this case, your application might not have its own activities to perform such actions, so you can instead leverage the activities provided by other applications on the device, which can perform the actions for you. This is where intents are really valuable—you can create an intent that describes an action you want to perform and the system launches the appropriate activity from another application. If there are multiple activities that can handle the intent, then the user can select which one to use. For example, if you want to allow the user to send an email message, you can create the following intent:

Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND);
intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_EMAIL, recipientArray);
startActivity(intent);

The EXTRA_EMAIL extra added to the intent is a string array of email addresses to which the email should be sent. When an email application responds to this intent, it reads the string array provided in the extra and places them in the “to” field of the email composition form. In this situation, the email application’s activity starts and when the user is done, your activity resumes.

Starting an activity for a result

Sometimes, you might want to receive a result from the activity that you start. In that case, start the activity by calling startActivityForResult() (instead of startActivity()). To then receive the result from the subsequent activity, implement the onActivityResult() callback method. When the subsequent activity is done, it returns a result in an Intent to your onActivityResult() method.

For example, perhaps you want the user to pick one of their contacts, so your activity can do something with the information in that contact. Here’s how you can create such an intent and handle the result:

private void pickContact() {
    // Create an intent to "pick" a contact, as defined by the content provider URI
    Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_PICK, Contacts.CONTENT_URI);
    startActivityForResult(intent, PICK_CONTACT_REQUEST);
}

@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
    // If the request went well (OK) and the request was PICK_CONTACT_REQUEST
    if (resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK && requestCode == PICK_CONTACT_REQUEST) {
        // Perform a query to the contact's content provider for the contact's name
        Cursor cursor = getContentResolver().query(data.getData(),
        new String[] {Contacts.DISPLAY_NAME}, null, null, null);
        if (cursor.moveToFirst()) { // True if the cursor is not empty
            int columnIndex = cursor.getColumnIndex(Contacts.DISPLAY_NAME);
            String name = cursor.getString(columnIndex);
            // Do something with the selected contact's name...
        }
    }
}

This example shows the basic logic you should use in your onActivityResult() method in order to handle an activity result. The first condition checks whether the request was successful—if it was, then the resultCode will be RESULT_OK—and whether the request to which this result is responding is known—in this case, the requestCode matches the second parameter sent with startActivityForResult(). From there, the code handles the activity result by querying the data returned in an Intent (the data parameter).

What happens is, a ContentResolver performs a query against a content provider, which returns a Cursor that allows the queried data to be read. For more information, see the Content Providers document.

For more information about using intents, see the Intents and Intent Filters document.

Shutting Down an Activity

You can shut down an activity by calling its finish() method. You can also shut down a separate activity that you previously started by calling finishActivity().

Note: In most cases, you should not explicitly finish an activity using these methods. As discussed in the following section about the activity lifecycle, the Android system manages the life of an activity for you, so you do not need to finish your own activities. Calling these methods could adversely affect the expected user experience and should only be used when you absolutely do not want the user to return to this instance of the activity.

Managing the Activity Lifecycle

Managing the lifecycle of your activities by implementing callback methods is crucial to developing a strong and flexible application. The lifecycle of an activity is directly affected by its association with other activities, its task and back stack.

An activity can exist in essentially three states:

Resumed

The activity is in the foreground of the screen and has user focus. (This state is also sometimes referred to as “running”.)

Paused
Another activity is in the foreground and has focus, but this one is still visible. That is, another activity is visible on top of this one and that activity is partially transparent or doesn’t cover the entire screen. A paused activity is completely alive (the Activity object is retained in memory, it maintains all state and member information, and remains attached to the window manager), but can be killed by the system in extremely low memory situations.

Stopped
The activity is completely obscured by another activity (the activity is now in the “background”). A stopped activity is also still alive (the Activity object is retained in memory, it maintains all state and member information, but is not attached to the window manager). However, it is no longer visible to the user and it can be killed by the system when memory is needed elsewhere.

If an activity is paused or stopped, the system can drop it from memory either by asking it to finish (calling its finish() method), or simply killing its process. When the activity is opened again (after being finished or killed), it must be created all over.

Implementing the lifecycle callbacks

When an activity transitions into and out of the different states described above, it is notified through various callback methods. All of the callback methods are hooks that you can override to do appropriate work when the state of your activity changes. The following skeleton activity includes each of the fundamental lifecycle methods:

public class ExampleActivity extends Activity {
    @Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        // The activity is being created.
    }
    @Override
    protected void onStart() {
        super.onStart();
        // The activity is about to become visible.
    }
    @Override
    protected void onResume() {
        super.onResume();
        // The activity has become visible (it is now "resumed").
    }
    @Override
    protected void onPause() {
        super.onPause();
        // Another activity is taking focus (this activity is about to be "paused").
    }
    @Override
    protected void onStop() {
        super.onStop();
        // The activity is no longer visible (it is now "stopped")
    }
    @Override
    protected void onDestroy() {
        super.onDestroy();
        // The activity is about to be destroyed.
    }
}

Note: Your implementation of these lifecycle methods must always call the superclass implementation before doing any work, as shown in the examples above.

Taken together, these methods define the entire lifecycle of an activity. By implementing these methods, you can monitor three nested loops in the activity lifecycle:

• The entire lifetime of an activity happens between the call to onCreate() and the call to onDestroy(). Your activity should perform setup of “global” state (such as defining layout) in onCreate(), and release all remaining resources in onDestroy(). For example, if your activity has a thread running in the background to download data from the network, it might create that thread in onCreate() and then stop the thread in onDestroy().

• The visible lifetime of an activity happens between the call to onStart() and the call to onStop(). During this time, the user can see the activity on-screen and interact with it. For example, onStop() is called when a new activity starts and this one is no longer visible. Between these two methods, you can maintain resources that are needed to show the activity to the user. For example, you can register a BroadcastReceiver in onStart() to monitor changes that impact your UI, and unregister it in onStop() when the user can no longer see what you are displaying. The system might call onStart() and onStop() multiple times during the entire lifetime of the activity, as the activity alternates between being visible and hidden to the user.

• The foreground lifetime of an activity happens between the call to onResume() and the call to onPause(). During this time, the activity is in front of all other activities on screen and has user input focus. An activity can frequently transition in and out of the foreground—for example, onPause() is called when the device goes to sleep or when a dialog appears. Because this state can transition often, the code in these two methods should be fairly lightweight in order to avoid slow transitions that make the user wait.

Figure 1 illustrates these loops and the paths an activity might take between states. The rectangles represent the callback methods you can implement to perform operations when the activity transitions between states.

Figure 1. The activity lifecycle.

The same lifecycle callback methods are listed in table 1, which describes each of the callback methods in more detail and locates each one within the activity’s overall lifecycle, including whether the system can kill the activity after the callback method completes.

Table 1. A summary of the activity lifecycle’s callback methods.

Method	Description	Killable after?	Next
onCreate()	Called when the activity is first created. This is where you should do all of your normal static set up — create views, bind data to lists, and so on. This method is passed a Bundle object containing the activity’s previous state, if that state was captured (see Saving Activity State, later).Always followed by onStart().	No	onStart()
onRestart()	Called after the activity has been stopped, just prior to it being started again.Always followed by onStart()	No	onStart()
onStart()	Called just before the activity becomes visible to the user.Followed by onResume() if the activity comes to the foreground, or onStop() if it becomes hidden.	No	onResume() or onStop()
onResume()	Called just before the activity starts interacting with the user. At this point the activity is at the top of the activity stack, with user input going to it.Always followed by onPause().	No	onPause()
onPause()	Called when the system is about to start resuming another activity. This method is typically used to commit unsaved changes to persistent data, stop animations and other things that may be consuming CPU, and so on. It should do whatever it does very quickly, because the next activity will not be resumed until it returns.Followed either by onResume() if the activity returns back to the front, or by onStop() if it becomes invisible to the user.	Yes	onResume() or onStop()
onStop()	Called when the activity is no longer visible to the user. This may happen because it is being destroyed, or because another activity (either an existing one or a new one) has been resumed and is covering it.Followed either by onRestart() if the activity is coming back to interact with the user, or by onDestroy() if this activity is going away.	Yes	onRestart()or onDestroy()
onDestroy()	Called before the activity is destroyed. This is the final call that the activity will receive. It could be called either because the activity is finishing (someone called finish() on it), or because the system is temporarily destroying this instance of the activity to save space. You can distinguish between these two scenarios with the isFinishing() method.	Yes	nothing

---

The column labeled “Killable after?” indicates whether or not the system can kill the process hosting the activity at any time after the method returns, without executing another line of the activity’s code. Three methods are marked “yes”: (onPause(), onStop(), and onDestroy()). Because onPause() is the first of the three, once the activity is created, onPause() is the last method that’s guaranteed to be called before the process can be killed—if the system must recover memory in an emergency, then onStop() and onDestroy() might not be called. Therefore, you should use onPause() to write crucial persistent data (such as user edits) to storage. However, you should be selective about what information must be retained during onPause(), because any blocking procedures in this method block the transition to the next activity and slow the user experience.

Methods that are marked “No” in the Killable column protect the process hosting the activity from being killed from the moment they are called. Thus, an activity is killable from the time onPause() returns to the time onResume() is called. It will not again be killable until onPause() is again called and returns.

Note: An activity that’s not technically “killable” by this definition in table 1 might still be killed by the system—but that would happen only in extreme circumstances when there is no other recourse. When an activity might be killed is discussed more in the Processes and Threading document

Saving activity state

The introduction to Managing the Activity Lifecycle briefly mentions that when an activity is paused or stopped, the state of the activity is retained. This is true because the Activity object is still held in memory when it is paused or stopped—all information about its members and current state is still alive. Thus, any changes the user made within the activity are retained so that when the activity returns to the foreground (when it “resumes”), those changes are still there.

However, when the system destroys an activity in order to recover memory, the Activity object is destroyed, so the system cannot simply resume it with its state intact. Instead, the system must recreate the Activity object if the user navigates back to it. Yet, the user is unaware that the system destroyed the activity and recreated it and, thus, probably expects the activity to be exactly as it was. In this situation, you can ensure that important information about the activity state is preserved by implementing an additional callback method that allows you to save information about the state of your activity: onSaveInstanceState().

The system calls onSaveInstanceState() before making the activity vulnerable to destruction. The system passes this method a Bundle in which you can save state information about the activity as name-value pairs, using methods such as putString() and putInt(). Then, if the system kills your application process and the user navigates back to your activity, the system recreates the activity and passes the Bundle to both onCreate() and onRestoreInstanceState(). Using either of these methods, you can extract your saved state from the Bundle and restore the activity state. If there is no state information to restore, then the Bundle passed to you is null (which is the case when the activity is created for the first time).

Figure 2. The two ways in which an activity returns to user focus with its state intact: either the activity is destroyed, then recreated and the activity must restore the previously saved state, or the activity is stopped, then resumed and the activity state remains intact.

Note: There’s no guarantee that onSaveInstanceState() will be called
before your activity is destroyed, because there are cases in which it
won’t be necessary to save the state (such as when the user leaves
your activity using the Back button, because the user is explicitly
closing the activity). If the system calls onSaveInstanceState(), it
does so before onStop() and possibly before onPause().

However, even if you do nothing and do not implement onSaveInstanceState(), some of the activity state is restored by the Activity class’s default implementation of onSaveInstanceState(). Specifically, the default implementation calls the corresponding onSaveInstanceState() method for every View in the layout, which allows each view to provide information about itself that should be saved. Almost every widget in the Android framework implements this method as appropriate, such that any visible changes to the UI are automatically saved and restored when your activity is recreated. For example, the EditText widget saves any text entered by the user and the CheckBox widget saves whether it’s checked or not. The only work required by you is to provide a unique ID (with the android:id attribute) for each widget you want to save its state. If a widget does not have an ID, then the system cannot save its state.

Although the default implementation of onSaveInstanceState() saves useful information about your activity’s UI, you still might need to override it to save additional information. For example, you might need to save member values that changed during the activity’s life (which might correlate to values restored in the UI, but the members that hold those UI values are not restored, by default).

You can also explicitly stop a view in your layout from saving its
state by setting the android:saveEnabled attribute to “false” or by
calling the setSaveEnabled() method. Usually, you should not disable
this, but you might if you want to restore the state of the activity
UI differently.

Because the default implementation of onSaveInstanceState() helps save the state of the UI, if you override the method in order to save additional state information, you should always call the superclass implementation of onSaveInstanceState() before doing any work. Likewise, you should also call the superclass implementation of onRestoreInstanceState() if you override it, so the default implementation can restore view states.

Note: Because onSaveInstanceState() is not guaranteed to be called, you should use it only to record the transient state of the activity (the state of the UI)—you should never use it to store persistent data. Instead, you should use onPause() to store persistent data (such as data that should be saved to a database) when the user leaves the activity.

A good way to test your application’s ability to restore its state is to simply rotate the device so that the screen orientation changes. When the screen orientation changes, the system destroys and recreates the activity in order to apply alternative resources that might be available for the new screen configuration. For this reason alone, it’s very important that your activity completely restores its state when it is recreated, because users regularly rotate the screen while using applications.

Handling configuration changes

Some device configurations can change during runtime (such as screen orientation, keyboard availability, and language). When such a change occurs, Android recreates the running activity (the system calls onDestroy(), then immediately calls onCreate()). This behavior is designed to help your application adapt to new configurations by automatically reloading your application with alternative resources that you’ve provided (such as different layouts for different screen orientations and sizes).

If you properly design your activity to handle a restart due to a screen orientation change and restore the activity state as described above, your application will be more resilient to other unexpected events in the activity lifecycle.

The best way to handle such a restart is to save and restore the state of your activity using onSaveInstanceState() and onRestoreInstanceState() (or onCreate()), as discussed in the previous section.

For more information about configuration changes that happen at runtime and how you can handle them, read the guide to Handling Runtime Changes.

Coordinating activities

When one activity starts another, they both experience lifecycle transitions. The first activity pauses and stops (though, it won’t stop if it’s still visible in the background), while the other activity is created. In case these activities share data saved to disc or elsewhere, it’s important to understand that the first activity is not completely stopped before the second one is created. Rather, the process of starting the second one overlaps with the process of stopping the first one.

The order of lifecycle callbacks is well defined, particularly when the two activities are in the same process and one is starting the other. Here’s the order of operations that occur when Activity A starts Acivity B:

1. Activity A’s onPause() method executes.
2. Activity B’s onCreate(), onStart(), and onResume() methods execute in sequence. (Activity B now has user focus.)
3. Then, if Activity A is no longer visible on screen, its onStop() method executes.

This predictable sequence of lifecycle callbacks allows you to manage the transition of information from one activity to another. For example, if you must write to a database when the first activity stops so that the following activity can read it, then you should write to the database during onPause() instead of during onStop().