史姐姐的HCI笔记

本文只是自己复习时对ppt的总结

Introduction

• CLI：Command Language Interface
• GUI：Graphical User Interface
• NUI : Natural User Interface
• DM: Direct Manipulation
• HIP: Human Information Processing
• GOMS: Goal, Operation, Method, Selection

Human

sensors

• Physical: vision, sound, touch
• Chemical: smell, taste, pain

Processing

• Processors: brain, eyes (Distributed processors )
• Memory: long-term, short term, sensory memory
• Cognition: attention, semantic, emotion, mood, …

Metaphor

• design model 设计师脑子里的模型
• user's model 用户头脑里的
• system image 交互的界面

Ergonomics 人体工程学: Fit the body

我们能让椅子去适应人，也应该让交互界面去适应人，人自己调整也可以

goal

• productivity
• health and safety
• satisfaction
• quality

case: keyboard

• qwerty是为了减慢速度而设计的，左手承担了57%的工作，而且经常要用无名指之类的
• dvorak是为了效率而设计的
• 2003年有XPeRT（而且容易从qwerty转过来）
• 但为什么qwerty仍是主流？因为cost of learning

Perception

• 别用高纯度的颜色
• consider the people with color vision deficiency

visual

• Searching for Patterns 比如按行还是按列
• Aerial perspective 远处的会有晕染大面积的颜色

• 会潜意识认为光从上方来

  
  
  

  image.png

• Contexts and Expectations

  
  
  

  image.png

Cognition

The 5E principle for human interaction

• Easy to use
• Easy to learn
• Easy to remember
• Effective
• Error-free

Attention

• Cocktail party effect
• Ear-switching
• Automaticity 这部分不太需要注意力

Recovering

• Cued recall: eg. icons

HIP Model

（3 subsystems）

Subsystems' parameters:

• memory: μ-storage capacity; σ-decay time; κ-code type(acoustic/visual/...)
• processor: τ-cycle time
• principles
  • τ varies inversely with stimulus intensity
  • Movement is not continuous
  • Chunks must be added to LTM through WM.
  • Chunks' cues and relationships with other chunks in LTM is important

Perceptual system

• Visual

  
  
  

  image.png

• Auditory

  
  
  

  image.png
  
  

  Both τ=100(50~200) ms

Motor system

τ=70（30~100）ms

• Eye Movement：τ=230（70~700）ms

Cognitive system

τ=70（25~170）ms

• working memory
  σ=7（5~226）sec
  σ[1chunk]=73（73~226）sec
  σ[3chunk]=7（5~34）sec
  μ=3（2.5~4.1）chunks
• long term memory
  σ=∞；μ=∞

SUMMARY

image.png

• τ[visual] is slower for fainter screen

HIP应用

• 平均一个单词5个字母，一个短语2.5个单词
• 这个模型可以用来分析很多问题，比如morse码的接收速率等等
  更多请参见书：The psychology of Human Computer Interaction

GUI

design principles

always remember purpose

• visibility
  • grouping
    • Gestalt Theory (完形心理学)
      law of closure(自动补充)/similarity(相似的放在一起)/proximity(邻近的放一起)/symmetry/continuity/
    • white space
  • order
  • decoration
    • STUDIES SHOW THAT TEXT IN ALL CAPS SLOWS READING BY 12% SO YOU SHOULD MIX CASE
  • alignment
    • align left hand --easier to read (names: surnames should be easy to scan)
• feedback

• mapping

  
  
  

  bad mapping
  
  
  

  good mapping
• affordance：to give a clue
• consistency 内外的一致性

evaluation

observational

2.1.2.1 Simple observation
2.1.2.2 Think-aloud 让用户边做边说出自己想的
2.1.2.3 Constructive Interaction
2.1.2.4 Videotape retrospection
2.1.2.5 Query methods

experimental

• before
    Their identities will be kept confidential
    It’s the system that is being tested, not the user
    They can quit any time they want
    Any monitoring device that is being used
    Any risk that may be involved
• after
  • Tool: SPSS
  • Fit to existing model/theories where applicable
    • Power Law of Practice: task time on n^th trial: Tn = T1*n^(-a)
    • Hick’s Law: for selecting action reaction time = a + blog2(C)
      (C: # of choices)
      --Giving a user many choices simultaneously is usually faster than is organizing the same choices into hierarchical groups
    • Fitt’s Law: Time for pointing to targets=a+b*log2(A/W+1)
      (A-distance; W-size of button)
  • Word Selections
    • Subjects Participants
    • Males & Females Men & Women
    • Disabled People with disabilities
    • “he/she” if you don’t really mean “he”
    • “Statistically significant” rather than “significant”
    • “The experiment data shows no effect” rather than “there is no effect”
    • Don’t report in a way that the subjects’ could be identified

optimization