通过以太坊命令行客户端geth可以很简单的获得一个以太坊地址,如下:
[work@host]$ geth account new
INFO [05-22|10:17:57] Maximum peer count ETH=25 LES=0 total=25
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Passphrase:
Repeat passphrase:
Address: {07a78fc0fb8c175d8e09e942086985d2835b6849}
地址0x07a78fc0fb8c175d8e09e942086985d2835b6849就是新生成的以太坊地址。
下面跟踪geth的源码:https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum 来分析其地址生成过程。
geth是用https://github.com/urfave/cli 来做命令行解析的,运行geth account new时的入口在cmd/geth/main.go:
func init() {
// Initialize the CLI app and start Geth
app.Action = geth
...
app.Commands = []cli.Command{
...
// See accountcmd.go:
accountCommand,
...
}
...
}
账户相关的命令在cmd/geth/accountcmd.go里,新建账户命令为new:
var (
accountCommand = cli.Command{
Name: "account",
Usage: "Manage accounts",
Category: "ACCOUNT COMMANDS",
Description: ``,
Subcommands: []cli.Command{
...
{
Name: "new",
Usage: "Create a new account",
Action: utils.MigrateFlags(accountCreate),
Flags: []cli.Flag{
utils.DataDirFlag,
utils.KeyStoreDirFlag,
utils.PasswordFileFlag,
utils.LightKDFFlag,
},
Description: ``,
},
...
},
}
)
但new一个新账户的时候,会调用accountCreate:
// accountCreate creates a new account into the keystore defined by the CLI flags.
func accountCreate(ctx *cli.Context) error {
// (1)获取配置
cfg := gethConfig{Node: defaultNodeConfig()}
// Load config file.
if file := ctx.GlobalString(configFileFlag.Name); file != "" {
if err := loadConfig(file, &cfg); err != nil {
utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
}
}
utils.SetNodeConfig(ctx, &cfg.Node)
scryptN, scryptP, keydir, err := cfg.Node.AccountConfig()
if err != nil {
utils.Fatalf("Failed to read configuration: %v", err)
}
// (2)解析用户密码
password := getPassPhrase("Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.", true, 0, utils.MakePasswordList(ctx))
// (3)生成地址
address, err := keystore.StoreKey(keydir, password, scryptN, scryptP)
if err != nil {
utils.Fatalf("Failed to create account: %v", err)
}
fmt.Printf("Address: {%x}\n", address)
return nil
}
分为三步:
第三步生成地址调用的keystore.StoreKey(accounts/keystore/keystore_passphrase.go):
// StoreKey generates a key, encrypts with 'auth' and stores in the given directory
func StoreKey(dir, auth string, scryptN, scryptP int) (common.Address, error) {
_, a, err := storeNewKey(&keyStorePassphrase{dir, scryptN, scryptP}, crand.Reader, auth)
return a.Address, err
}
这边直接调用了storeNewKey(accounts/keystore/key.go)创建新账户:
func storeNewKey(ks keyStore, rand io.Reader, auth string) (*Key, accounts.Account, error) {
// 创建一个新的账户
key, err := newKey(rand)
if err != nil {
return nil, accounts.Account{}, err
}
a := accounts.Account{Address: key.Address, URL: accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: ks.JoinPath(keyFileName(key.Address))}}
if err := ks.StoreKey(a.URL.Path, key, auth); err != nil {
zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
return nil, a, err
}
return key, a, err
}
func newKey(rand io.Reader) (*Key, error) {
// (1)生成公钥和私钥
privateKeyECDSA, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(crypto.S256(), rand)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
// (2)由公钥算出地址并构建一个自定义的Key
return newKeyFromECDSA(privateKeyECDSA), nil
}
可以看到,newKey创建新账户时,
第三步的代码如下:
func newKeyFromECDSA(privateKeyECDSA *ecdsa.PrivateKey) *Key {
id := uuid.NewRandom()
key := &Key{
Id: id,
Address: crypto.PubkeyToAddress(privateKeyECDSA.PublicKey),
PrivateKey: privateKeyECDSA,
}
return key
}
由公钥算出地址是由crypto.PubkeyToAddress(crypto/crypto.go)完成的:
func PubkeyToAddress(p ecdsa.PublicKey) common.Address {
pubBytes := FromECDSAPub(&p)
return common.BytesToAddress(Keccak256(pubBytes[1:])[12:])
}
// Keccak256 calculates and returns the Keccak256 hash of the input data.
func Keccak256(data ...[]byte) []byte {
d := sha3.NewKeccak256()
for _, b := range data {
d.Write(b)
}
return d.Sum(nil)
}
可以看到公钥经过Keccak-256单向散列函数变成了256bit,然后取160bit作为地址。本质上是从256bit的私钥映射到160bit的公共地址。这意味着一个账户可以有不止一个私钥。
总得来说,以太坊地址的生成过程如下:
1. 由secp256k1曲线生成私钥,是由随机的256bit组成
2. 采用椭圆曲线数字签名算法(ECDSA)将私钥映射成公钥。
3. 公钥经过Keccak-256单向散列函数变成了256bit,然后取160bit作为地址