转 http协议中有关http头的技术资料-

一、基础篇
　　 HTTP（HyperTextTransferProtocol）是超文本传输协议的缩写，它用于传送WWW方式的数据，关于HTTP协议的详细内容请参考RFC2616。HTTP协议采用了请求/响应模型。客户端向服务器发送一个请求，请求头包含请求的方法、URI、协议版本、以及包含请求修饰符、客户信息和内容的类似于MIME的消息结构。服务器以一个状态行作为响应，相应的内容包括消息协议的版本，成功或者错误编码加上包含服务器信息、实体元信息以及可能的实体内容。[@more@]

通常HTTP消息包括客户机向服务器的请求消息和服务器向客户机的响应消息。这两种类型的消息由一个起始行，一个或者多个头域，一个只是头域结束的空行和可选的消息体组成。HTTP的头域包括通用头，请求头，响应头和实体头四个部分。每个头域由一个域名，冒号（:）和域值三部分组成。域名是大小写无关的，域值前可以添加任何数量的空格符，头域可以被扩展为多行，在每行开始处，使用至少一个空格或制表符。
1、通用头域
通用头域包含请求和响应消息都支持的头域，通用头域包含Cache-Control、Connection、Date、Pragma、Transfer- Encoding、Upgrade、Via。对通用头域的扩展要求通讯双方都支持此扩展，如果存在不支持的通用头域，一般将会作为实体头域处理。下面简单介绍几个在UPnP消息中使用的通用头域。
Cache-Control头域
Cache-Control指定请求和响应遵循的缓存机制。在请求消息或响应消息中设置Cache-Control并不会修改另一个消息处理过程中的缓存处理过程。请求时的缓存指令包括no-cache、no- store、max-age、max-stale、min-fresh、only-if-cached，响应消息中的指令包括public、 private、no-cache、no-store、no-transform、must-revalidate、proxy-revalidate、 max-age。各个消息中的指令含义如下：
Public指示响应可被任何缓存区缓存。
Private指示对于单个用户的整个或部分响应消息，不能被共享缓存处理。这允许服务器仅仅描述当用户的部分响应消息，此响应消息对于其他用户的请求无效。
no-cache指示请求或响应消息不能缓存
no-store用于防止重要的信息被无意的发布。在请求消息中发送将使得请求和响应消息都不使用缓存。
max-age指示客户机可以接收生存期不大于指定时间（以秒为单位）的响应。
min-fresh指示客户机可以接收响应时间小于当前时间加上指定时间的响应。
max-stale指示客户机可以接收超出超时期间的响应消息。如果指定max-stale消息的值，那么客户机可以接收超出超时期指定值之内的响应消息。
Date头域
Date头域表示消息发送的时间，时间的描述格式由rfc822定义。例如，Date:Mon,31Dec200104:25:57GMT。Date描述的时间表示世界标准时，换算成本地时间，需要知道用户所在的时区。
Pragma头域
Pragma头域用来包含实现特定的指令，最常用的是Pragma:no-cache。在HTTP/1.1协议中，它的含义和Cache-Control:no-cache相同。
2、请求消息
请求消息的第一行为下面的格式：
Method　SP　Request-URI　SP　HTTP-Version　CRLF
Method 表示对于Request-URI完成的方法，这个字段是大小写敏感的，包括OPTIONS、GET、HEAD、POST、PUT、DELETE、 TRACE。方法GET和HEAD应该被所有的通用WEB服务器支持，其他所有方法的实现是可选的。GET方法取回由Request-URI标识的信息。 HEAD方法也是取回由Request-URI标识的信息，只是可以在响应时，不返回消息体。POST方法可以请求服务器接收包含在请求中的实体信息，可以用于提交表单，向新闻组、BBS、邮件群组和数据库发送消息。
SP表示空格。
Request-URI遵循URI格式，在此字段为星号（*）时，说明请求并不用于某个特定的资源地址，而是用于服务器本身。
HTTP-Version表示支持的HTTP版本，例如为HTTP/1.1。
CRLF表示换行回车符。
请求头域允许客户端向服务器传递关于请求或者关于客户机的附加信息。请求头域可能包含下列字段Accept、Accept-Charset、Accept- Encoding、Accept-Language、Authorization、From、Host、If-Modified-Since、If- Match、If-None-Match、If-Range、If-Range、If-Unmodified-Since、Max-Forwards、 Proxy-Authorization、Range、Referer、User-Agent。对请求头域的扩展要求通讯双方都支持，如果存在不支持的请求头域，一般将会作为实体头域处理。
典型的请求消息：
GEThttp://class/download.microtool.de:80/somedata.exe
Host:download.microtool.de
Accept:*/*
Pragma:no-cache
Cache-Control:no-cache
Referer:http://class/download.microtool.de/
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.04[en](Win95;I;Nav)
Range:bytes=554554-
上例第一行表示HTTP客户端（可能是浏览器、下载程序）通过GET方法获得指定URL下的文件。棕色的部分表示请求头域的信息，绿色的部分表示通用头部分。
Host头域
Host头域指定请求资源的Intenet主机和端口号，必须表示请求url的原始服务器或网关的位置。HTTP/1.1请求必须包含主机头域，否则系统会以400状态码返回。
Referer头域
Referer 头域允许客户端指定请求uri的源资源地址，这可以允许服务器生成回退链表，可用来登陆、优化cache等。他也允许废除的或错误的连接由于维护的目的被追踪。如果请求的uri没有自己的uri地址，Referer不能被发送。如果指定的是部分uri地址，则此地址应该是一个相对地址。
Range头域
Range头域可以请求实体的一个或者多个子范围。例如，
表示头500个字节：bytes=0-499
表示第二个500字节：bytes=500-999
表示最后500个字节：bytes=-500
表示500字节以后的范围：bytes=500-
第一个和最后一个字节：bytes=0-0,-1
同时指定几个范围：bytes=500-600,601-999
但是服务器可以忽略此请求头，如果无条件GET包含Range请求头，响应会以状态码206（PartialContent）返回而不是以200（OK）。
User-Agent头域
User-Agent头域的内容包含发出请求的用户信息。
3、响应消息
响应消息的第一行为下面的格式：
HTTP-Version　SP　Status-Code　SP　Reason-Phrase　CRLF
HTTP-Version表示支持的HTTP版本，例如为HTTP/1.1。
Status-Code是一个三个数字的结果代码。
Reason -Phrase给Status-Code提供一个简单的文本描述。Status-Code主要用于机器自动识别，Reason-Phrase主要用于帮助用户理解。Status-Code的第一个数字定义响应的类别，后两个数字没有分类的作用。第一个数字可能取5个不同的值：
1xx:信息响应类，表示接收到请求并且继续处理
2xx:处理成功响应类，表示动作被成功接收、理解和接受
3xx:重定向响应类，为了完成指定的动作，必须接受进一步处理
4xx:客户端错误，客户请求包含语法错误或者是不能正确执行
5xx:服务端错误，服务器不能正确执行一个正确的请求
响应头域允许服务器传递不能放在状态行的附加信息，这些域主要描述服务器的信息和Request-URI进一步的信息。响应头域包含Age、 Location、Proxy-Authenticate、Public、Retry-After、Server、Vary、Warning、WWW- Authenticate。对响应头域的扩展要求通讯双方都支持，如果存在不支持的响应头域，一般将会作为实体头域处理。
典型的响应消息：
HTTP/1.0200OK
Date:Mon,31Dec200104:25:57GMT
Server:Apache/1.3.14(Unix)
Content-type:text/html
Last-modified:Tue,17Apr200106:46:28GMT
Etag:"a030f020ac7c01:1e9f"
Content-length:39725426
Content-range:bytes554554-40279979/40279980
上例第一行表示HTTP服务端响应一个GET方法。棕色的部分表示响应头域的信息，绿色的部分表示通用头部分，红色的部分表示实体头域的信息。
Location响应头
Location响应头用于重定向接收者到一个新URI地址。
Server响应头
Server响应头包含处理请求的原始服务器的软件信息。此域能包含多个产品标识和注释，产品标识一般按照重要性排序。
4、实体信息
请求消息和响应消息都可以包含实体信息，实体信息一般由实体头域和实体组成。实体头域包含关于实体的原信息，实体头包括Allow、Content- Base、Content-Encoding、Content-Language、Content-Length、Content-Location、 Content-MD5、Content-Range、Content-Type、Etag、Expires、Last-Modified、 extension-header。extension-header允许客户端定义新的实体头，但是这些域可能无法未接受方识别。实体可以是一个经过编码的字节流，它的编码方式由Content-Encoding或Content-Type定义，它的长度由Content-Length或Content -Range定义。
Content-Type实体头
Content-Type 实体头用于向接收方指示实体的介质类型，指定HEAD方法送到接收方的实体介质类型，或GET方法发送的请求介质类型Content-Range实体头
Content-Range实体头
用于指定整个实体中的一部分的插入位置，他也指示了整个实体的长度。在服务器向客户返回一个部分响应，它必须描述响应覆盖的范围和整个实体长度。一般格式：
Content-Range:bytes-unit　SP　first-byte-pos - last-byte-pos/entity-legth
例如，传送头500个字节次字段的形式：Content-Range:bytes0-499/1234如果一个http消息包含此节（例如，对范围请求的响应或对一系列范围的重叠请求），Content-Range表示传送的范围，Content-Length表示实际传送的字节数。
Last-modified实体头
Last-modified实体头指定服务器上保存内容的最后修订时间。
5、 HTTP 头参考（microsoft）
HTTP 请求和 HTTP 响应都使用头发送有关 HTTP
消息的信息。头由一系列行组成，每行都包含名称，然后依次是冒号、空格、值。字段可按任何顺序排列。某些头字段既能用于请求头也能用于响应头，而另一些头字段只能用于其中之一。
许多请求头字段都允许客户端在值部分指定多个可接受的选项，有时甚至可以对这些选项的首选项进行排名。多个项以逗号分隔。例如，客户端可以发送包含"Content-Encoding:
gzip, compress,"的请求头，表示可以接受各种压缩类型。如果服务器的响应正文使用 gzip
编码，其响应头中将包含"Content-Encoding: gzip"。
有些字段可以在单个头中出现多次。例如，头可以有多个"Warning"字段。
下表列出了 HTTP 1.1 头字段。注意：有些头字段是 MIME 字段。MIME 字段在 Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) 文档 RFC 2045 中进行了定义，但也可用于 HTTP 1.1 协议。有关 MIME 和 HTTP
1.1 规范的详细信息，请参阅 IEIF 页。
一般头字段
一般头字段可用于请求消息和响应消息。
　名称　　　　　　　　　　示例值
Cache-Control　 "max-age=10"
Connection　　　　"close"
Date　　　　　　　　　　"Tue, 11 Jul 2000 18:23:51 GMT"
Pragma　　　　　　　 "no-cache"
Trailer　　　　　　　　 "Date"
Transfer-Encoding "chunked"
Upgrade　　　　　　 "SHTTP/1.3"
Via　　　　　　　　　　　 "HTTP/1.1 Proxy1, HTTP/1.1 Proxy2"
Warning　　　　　　　"112 Disconnected Operation"
请求头字段
请求头字段仅用于请求消息。
　　 名称　　　　　　　　　　　　 示例值
Accept　　　　　　　　　　 "text/html, image/*"
Accept-Charset　　　"iso8859-5"
Accept-Encoding 　"gzip, compress"
Accept-Language　"en, fr"
Authorization　　　　 [credentials]
Content-Encoding　"gzip"
Expect　　　　　　　　　　 "100-continue"
From　　　　　　　　　　　 "[email protected]"
Host　　　　　　　　　　　　"www.microsoft.com"
If-Match　　　　　　　　　"entity_tag001"
If-Modified-Since "Tue, 11 Jul 2000 18:23:51 GMT"
If-None-Match　　　 "entity_tag001"
If-Range　　　　　　　　 "entity_tag001" or "Tue, 11 Jul 2000 18:23:51 GMT"
If-Unmodified-Since "Tue, 11 Jul 2000 18:23:51 GMT"
Max-Forwards　　　　"3"
Proxy-Authorization [credentials]
Range　　　　　　 "bytes=100-599"
Referer　　　　　 "http://www.microsoft.com/resources.asp"
TE　　　　　　　　　　"trailers"
User-Agent　　 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT 5.0)"
>>请求头字段的具体含义
Accept：浏览器可接受的MIME类型。
Accept-Charset：浏览器可接受的字符集。
Accept-Encoding：浏览器能够进行解码的数据编码方式，比如gzip。
Accept-Language：浏览器所希望的语言种类，当服务器能够提供一种以上的语言版本时要用到。
Authorization：授权信息，通常出现在对服务器发送的WWW-Authenticate头的应答中。
Connection：表示是否需要持久连接。如果Servlet看到这里的值为"Keep-Alive"，或者看到请求使用的是HTTP
1.1 （HTTP 1.1默认进行持久连接），它就可以利用持久连接的优点，当页面包含多个元素时（例如Applet，图片），显著地减少下载所需要的时间。要实现这一点， Servlet需要在应答中发送一个Content-Length头，最简单的实现方法是：先把内容写入ByteArrayOutputStream，然后在正式写出内容之前计算它的大小。
Content-Length：表示请求消息正文的长度。
Cookie：设置cookie,这是最重要的请求头信息之一
From：请求发送者的email地址，由一些特殊的Web客户程序使用，浏览器不会用到它。
Host：初始URL中的主机和端口。
If-Modified-Since：只有当所请求的内容在指定的日期之后又经过修改才返回它，否则返回304"Not Modified"应答。
Pragma：指定"no-cache"值表示服务器必须返回一个刷新后的文档，即使它是代理服务器而且已经有了页面的本地拷贝。
Referer：包含一个URL，用户从该URL代表的页面出发访问当前请求的页面。
User-Agent：浏览器类型，如果Servlet返回的内容与浏览器类型有关则该值非常有用。
UA-Pixels，UA-Color，UA-OS，UA-CPU：由某些版本的IE浏览器所发送的非标准的请求头，表示屏幕大小、颜色深度、操作系统和CPU类型。
响应头字段
响应头字段仅用于响应消息。
　 名称　　　　　　　　　 示例值
Accept-Ranges　　"none"
Age　　　　　　　　　　　　"2147483648(2^31)"
ETag　　　　　　　　　　　"b38b9-17dd-367c5dcd"
Last-Modified　　　 "Tue, 11 Jul 2000 18:23:51 GMT"
Location　　　　　　　　"http://localhost/redirecttarget.asp"
Proxy-Authenticate [challenge]
Retry-After　　　　　 "Tue, 11 Jul 2000 18:23:51 GMT" or "60"
Server　　　　　　　　　"Microsoft-IIS/5.0"
Vary　　　　　　　　　　　 "Date"
WWW-Authenticate [challenge]
实体头字段
实体头字段可以用于请求消息或响应消息。实体头字段中包含消息实体正文的有关信息，如使用的编码格式。
　　 名称　　　　　　　　　　　 示例值
Allow　　　　　　　　　　　　　　"GET, HEAD"
Content-Encoding　　 "gzip"
Content-Language　　"en"
Content-Length　　　　 "8445"
Content-Location　　　"http://localhost/page.asp"
Content-MD5　　　　　　 [md5-digest]
Content-Range　　　　 "bytes 2543-4532/7898"
Content-Type　　　　　　"text/html"
Expires　　　　　　　　　　　"Tue, 11 Jul 2000 18:23:51 GMT"
Last-Modified　　　　　 "Tue, 11 Jul 2000 18:23:51 GMT"
>>实体头字段的具体含义
Allow 服务器支持哪些请求方法（如GET、POST等）。
Content-Encoding
文档的编码（Encode）方法。只有在解码之后才可以得到Content-Type头指定的内容类型。利用gzip压缩文档能够显著地减少HTML文档的下载时间。Java的GZIPOutputStream可以很方便地进行gzip压缩，但只有Unix上的Netscape和Windows上的IE
4、IE 5才支持它。
Content-Length 表示内容长度。只有当浏览器使用持久HTTP连接时才需要这个数据。
Content-Type 表示后面的文档属于什么MIME类型。Servlet默认为text/plain，但通常需要显式地指定为text/html。
Date 当前的GMT时间。你可以用setDateHeader来设置这个头以避免转换时间格式的麻烦。
Expires 应该在什么时候认为文档已经过期，从而不再缓存它？
Last-Modified 文档的最后改动时间。客户可以通过If-Modified-Since请求头提供一个日期，该请求将被视为一个条件GET，只有改动时间迟于指定时间的文档才会返回，否则返回一个304（Not
Modified）状态。
Location 表示客户应当到哪里去提取文档。Location通常不是直接设置的，而是通过HttpServletResponse的sendRedirect方法，该方法同时设置状态代码为302。
Refresh 表示浏览器应该在多少时间之后刷新文档，以秒计。除了刷新当前文档之外，你还可以通过setHeader("Refresh",
"5; URL=http://host/path")让浏览器读取指定的页面。
注意这种功能通常是通过设置HTML页面HEAD区的＜META HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh"
CONTENT="5;URL=http://host/path"＞实现，这是因为，自动刷新或重定向对于那些不能使用CGI或Servlet的HTML编写者十分重要。但是，对于Servlet来说，直接设置Refresh头更加方便。
注意Refresh的意义是"N秒之后刷新本页面或访问指定页面"，而不是"每隔N秒刷新本页面或访问指定页面"。因此，连续刷新要求每次都发送一个Refresh头，而发送204状态代码则可以阻止浏览器继续刷新，不管是使用Refresh头还是＜META
HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh" ...＞。
注意Refresh头不属于HTTP 1.1正式规范的一部分，而是一个扩展，但Netscape和IE都支持它。
请求头示例
以下是 HTTP 请求的简单示例。
GET /articles/news/today.asp HTTP/1.1
Accept: */*
Accept-Language: en-us
Connection: Keep-Alive
Host: localhost
Referer: http://localhost/links.asp
User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT 5.0)
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
该请求具有请求行，其中包括方法 (GET)、资源路径 (/articles/news/today.asp) 和 HTTP 版本
(HTTP/1.1)。由于该请求没有正文，故所有请求行后面的内容都是头的一部分。紧接着头之后是一个空行，表示头已结束。
响应头示例
Web 服务器可以通过多种方式响应前一个请求。假设文件是可以访问的，并且用户具有查看该文件的权限，则响应类似于：
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: Microsoft-IIS/5.0
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 2000 05:46:53 GMT
Content-Length: 2291
Content-Type: text/html
Set-Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDQQGGGNCG=LKLDFFKCINFLDMFHCBCBMFLJ; path=/
Cache-control: private
...
响应的第一行称为状态行。它包含响应所用的 HTTP 版本、状态编码 (200)
和原因短语。示例中包含一个头，其中具有五个字段，接着是一个空行（回车和换行符），然后是响应正文的头两行。
有关HTTP头完整、详细的说明，请参见http://www.w3.org/Protocols/的HTTP规范。
附录:HTTP协议状态码的含义
　　状态代码 状态信息 含义
100 Continue 初始的请求已经接受，客户应当继续发送请求的其余部分。（HTTP 1.1新）
101 Switching Protocols 服务器将遵从客户的请求转换到另外一种协议（HTTP 1.1新
200 OK 一切正常，对GET和POST请求的应答文档跟在后面。
201 Created 服务器已经创建了文档，Location头给出了它的URL。
202 Accepted 已经接受请求，但处理尚未完成。
203 Non-Authoritative Information 文档已经正常地返回，但一些应答头可能不正确，因为使用的是文档的拷贝（HTTP 1.1新）。
204 No Content 没有新文档，浏览器应该继续显示原来的文档。
205 Reset Content 没有新的内容，但浏览器应该重置它所显示的内容。用来强制浏览器清除表单输入内容（HTTP 1.1新）。
206 Partial Content 客户发送了一个带有Range头的GET请求，服务器完成了它（HTTP 1.1新）。
300 Multiple Choices
客户请求的文档可以在多个位置找到，这些位置已经在返回的文档内列出。如果服务器要提出优先选择，则应该在Location应答头指明。
301 Moved Permanently 客户请求的文档在其他地方，新的URL在Location头中给出，浏览器应该自动地访问新的URL。
302 Found 类似于301，但新的URL应该被视为临时性的替代，而不是永久性的。注意，在HTTP1.0中对应的状态信息是"Moved
Temporatily"，出现该状态代码时，浏览器能够自动访问新的URL，因此它是一个很有用的状态代码。注意这个状态代码有时候可以和301替换使用。例如，如果浏览器错误地请求http://host/~user（缺少了后面的斜杠），有的服务器返回301，有的则返回302。严格地说，我们只能假定只有当原来的请求是 GET时浏览器才会自动重定向。请参见307。
303 See Other 类似于301/302，不同之处在于，如果原来的请求是POST，Location头指定的重定向目标文档应该通过GET提取（HTTP
1.1新）。
304 Not Modified
客户端有缓冲的文档并发出了一个条件性的请求（一般是提供If-Modified-Since头表示客户只想比指定日期更新的文档）。服务器告诉客户，原来缓冲的文档还可以继续使用。
305 Use Proxy 客户请求的文档应该通过Location头所指明的代理服务器提取（HTTP 1.1新）。
307 Temporary Redirect
和302（Found）相同。许多浏览器会错误地响应302应答进行重定向，即使原来的请求是POST，即使它实际上只能在POST请求的应答是303时才能重定向。由于这个原因，HTTP
1.1新增了307，以便更加清除地区分几个状态代码：当出现303应答时，浏览器可以跟随重定向的GET和POST请求；如果是307应答，则浏览器只能跟随对GET请求的重定向。（HTTP
1.1新）
400 Bad Request 请求出现语法错误。
401 Unauthorized
客户试图未经授权访问受密码保护的页面。应答中会包含一个WWW-Authenticate头，浏览器据此显示用户名字/密码对话框，然后在填写合适的Authorization头后再次发出请求。
403 Forbidden 资源不可用。服务器理解客户的请求，但拒绝处理它。通常由于服务器上文件或目录的权限设置导致。
404 Not Found 无法找到指定位置的资源。这也是一个常用的应答，
405 Method Not Allowed
请求方法（GET、POST、HEAD、DELETE、PUT、TRACE等）对指定的资源不适用。（HTTP 1.1新）
406 Not Acceptable 指定的资源已经找到，但它的MIME类型和客户在Accpet头中所指定的不兼容（HTTP 1.1新）。
407 Proxy Authentication Required 类似于401，表示客户必须先经过代理服务器的授权。（HTTP 1.1新）
408 Request Timeout 在服务器许可的等待时间内，客户一直没有发出任何请求。客户可以在以后重复同一请求。（HTTP 1.1新）
409 Conflict 通常和PUT请求有关。由于请求和资源的当前状态相冲突，因此请求不能成功。（HTTP 1.1新）
410 Gone 所请求的文档已经不再可用，而且服务器不知道应该重定向到哪一个地址。它和404的不同在于，返回407表示文档永久地离开了指定的位置，而404表示由于未知的原因文档不可用。（HTTP
1.1新）
411 Length Required 服务器不能处理请求，除非客户发送一个Content-Length头。（HTTP 1.1新）
412 Precondition Failed 请求头中指定的一些前提条件失败（HTTP 1.1新）。
413 Request Entity Too Large
目标文档的大小超过服务器当前愿意处理的大小。如果服务器认为自己能够稍后再处理该请求，则应该提供一个Retry-After头（HTTP
1.1新）。
414 Request URI Too Long URI太长（HTTP 1.1新）。
416 Requested Range Not Satisfiable 服务器不能满足客户在请求中指定的Range头。（HTTP 1.1新）
500 Internal Server Error 服务器遇到了意料不到的情况，不能完成客户的请求。
501 Not Implemented 服务器不支持实现请求所需要的功能。例如，客户发出了一个服务器不支持的PUT请求。
502 Bad Gateway 服务器作为网关或者代理时，为了完成请求访问下一个服务器，但该服务器返回了非法的应答。
503 Service Unavailable 服务器由于维护或者负载过重未能应答。
504 Gateway Timeout 由作为代理或网关的服务器使用，表示不能及时地从远程服务器获得应答。（HTTP 1.1新）
505 HTTP Version Not Supported 服务器不支持请求中所指明的HTTP版本。（HTTP 1.1新）

part of Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1
RFC 2616 Fielding, et al.

10 Status Code Definitions

Each Status-Code is described below, including a description of which method(s) it can follow and any metainformation required in the response.

10.1 Informational 1xx

This class of status code indicates a provisional response, consisting only of the Status-Line and optional headers, and is terminated by an empty line. There are no required headers for this class of status code. Since HTTP/1.0 did not define any 1xx status codes, servers MUST NOT send a 1xx response to an HTTP/1.0 client except under experimental conditions.

A client MUST be prepared to accept one or more 1xx status responses prior to a regular response, even if the client does not expect a 100 (Continue) status message. Unexpected 1xx status responses MAY be ignored by a user agent.

Proxies MUST forward 1xx responses, unless the connection between the proxy and its client has been closed, or unless the proxy itself requested the generation of the 1xx response. (For example, if a

proxy adds a "Expect: 100-continue" field when it forwards a request, then it need not forward the corresponding 100 (Continue) response(s).)

10.1.1 100 Continue

The client SHOULD continue with its request. This interim response is used to inform the client that the initial part of the request has been received and has not yet been rejected by the server. The client SHOULD continue by sending the remainder of the request or, if the request has already been completed, ignore this response. The server MUST send a final response after the request has been completed. See section 8.2.3 for detailed discussion of the use and handling of this status code.

10.1.2 101 Switching Protocols

The server understands and is willing to comply with the client's request, via the Upgrade message header field (section 14.42), for a change in the application protocol being used on this connection. The server will switch protocols to those defined by the response's Upgrade header field immediately after the empty line which terminates the 101 response.

The protocol SHOULD be switched only when it is advantageous to do so. For example, switching to a newer version of HTTP is advantageous over older versions, and switching to a real-time, synchronous protocol might be advantageous when delivering resources that use such features.

10.2 Successful 2xx

This class of status code indicates that the client's request was successfully received, understood, and accepted.

10.2.1 200 OK

The request has succeeded. The information returned with the response is dependent on the method used in the request, for example:

GET an entity corresponding to the requested resource is sent in the response;

HEAD the entity-header fields corresponding to the requested resource are sent in the response without any message-body;

POST an entity describing or containing the result of the action;

TRACE an entity containing the request message as received by the end server.

10.2.2 201 Created

The request has been fulfilled and resulted in a new resource being created. The newly created resource can be referenced by the URI(s) returned in the entity of the response, with the most specific URI for the resource given by a Location header field. The response SHOULD include an entity containing a list of resource characteristics and location(s) from which the user or user agent can choose the one most appropriate. The entity format is specified by the media type given in the Content-Type header field. The origin server MUST create the resource before returning the 201 status code. If the action cannot be carried out immediately, the server SHOULD respond with 202 (Accepted) response instead.

A 201 response MAY contain an ETag response header field indicating the current value of the entity tag for the requested variant just created, see section 14.19.

10.2.3 202 Accepted

The request has been accepted for processing, but the processing has not been completed. The request might or might not eventually be acted upon, as it might be disallowed when processing actually takes place. There is no facility for re-sending a status code from an asynchronous operation such as this.

The 202 response is intentionally non-committal. Its purpose is to allow a server to accept a request for some other process (perhaps a batch-oriented process that is only run once per day) without requiring that the user agent's connection to the server persist until the process is completed. The entity returned with this response SHOULD include an indication of the request's current status and either a pointer to a status monitor or some estimate of when the user can expect the request to be fulfilled.

10.2.4 203 Non-Authoritative Information

The returned metainformation in the entity-header is not the definitive set as available from the origin server, but is gathered from a local or a third-party copy. The set presented MAY be a subset or superset of the original version. For example, including local annotation information about the resource might result in a superset of the metainformation known by the origin server. Use of this response code is not required and is only appropriate when the response would otherwise be 200 (OK).

10.2.5 204 No Content

The server has fulfilled the request but does not need to return an entity-body, and might want to return updated metainformation. The response MAY include new or updated metainformation in the form of entity-headers, which if present SHOULD be associated with the requested variant.

If the client is a user agent, it SHOULD NOT change its document view from that which caused the request to be sent. This response is primarily intended to allow input for actions to take place without causing a change to the user agent's active document view, although any new or updated metainformation SHOULD be applied to the document currently in the user agent's active view.

The 204 response MUST NOT include a message-body, and thus is always terminated by the first empty line after the header fields.

10.2.6 205 Reset Content

The server has fulfilled the request and the user agent SHOULD reset the document view which caused the request to be sent. This response is primarily intended to allow input for actions to take place via user input, followed by a clearing of the form in which the input is given so that the user can easily initiate another input action. The response MUST NOT include an entity.

10.2.7 206 Partial Content

The server has fulfilled the partial GET request for the resource. The request MUST have included a Range header field (section 14.35) indicating the desired range, and MAY have included an If-Range header field (section 14.27) to make the request conditional.

The response MUST include the following header fields:

      - Either a Content-Range header field (section 14.16) indicating
        the range included with this response, or a multipart/byteranges
        Content-Type including Content-Range fields for each part. If a
        Content-Length header field is present in the response, its
        value MUST match the actual number of OCTETs transmitted in the
        message-body.

      - Date

      - ETag and/or Content-Location, if the header would have been sent
        in a 200 response to the same request

      - Expires, Cache-Control, and/or Vary, if the field-value might
        differ from that sent in any previous response for the same
        variant

If the 206 response is the result of an If-Range request that used a strong cache validator (see section 13.3.3), the response SHOULD NOT include other entity-headers. If the response is the result of an If-Range request that used a weak validator, the response MUST NOT include other entity-headers; this prevents inconsistencies between cached entity-bodies and updated headers. Otherwise, the response MUST include all of the entity-headers that would have been returned with a 200 (OK) response to the same request.

A cache MUST NOT combine a 206 response with other previously cached content if the ETag or Last-Modified headers do not match exactly, see 13.5.4.

A cache that does not support the Range and Content-Range headers MUST NOT cache 206 (Partial) responses.

10.3 Redirection 3xx

This class of status code indicates that further action needs to be taken by the user agent in order to fulfill the request. The action required MAY be carried out by the user agent without interaction with the user if and only if the method used in the second request is GET or HEAD. A client SHOULD detect infinite redirection loops, since such loops generate network traffic for each redirection.

      Note: previous versions of this specification recommended a
      maximum of five redirections. Content developers should be aware
      that there might be clients that implement such a fixed
      limitation.

10.3.1 300 Multiple Choices

The requested resource corresponds to any one of a set of representations, each with its own specific location, and agent- driven negotiation information (section 12) is being provided so that the user (or user agent) can select a preferred representation and redirect its request to that location.

Unless it was a HEAD request, the response SHOULD include an entity containing a list of resource characteristics and location(s) from which the user or user agent can choose the one most appropriate. The entity format is specified by the media type given in the Content- Type header field. Depending upon the format and the capabilities of

the user agent, selection of the most appropriate choice MAY be performed automatically. However, this specification does not define any standard for such automatic selection.

If the server has a preferred choice of representation, it SHOULD include the specific URI for that representation in the Location field; user agents MAY use the Location field value for automatic redirection. This response is cacheable unless indicated otherwise.

10.3.2 301 Moved Permanently

The requested resource has been assigned a new permanent URI and any future references to this resource SHOULD use one of the returned URIs. Clients with link editing capabilities ought to automatically re-link references to the Request-URI to one or more of the new references returned by the server, where possible. This response is cacheable unless indicated otherwise.

The new permanent URI SHOULD be given by the Location field in the response. Unless the request method was HEAD, the entity of the response SHOULD contain a short hypertext note with a hyperlink to the new URI(s).

If the 301 status code is received in response to a request other than GET or HEAD, the user agent MUST NOT automatically redirect the request unless it can be confirmed by the user, since this might change the conditions under which the request was issued.

      Note: When automatically redirecting a POST request after
      receiving a 301 status code, some existing HTTP/1.0 user agents
      will erroneously change it into a GET request.

10.3.3 302 Found

The requested resource resides temporarily under a different URI. Since the redirection might be altered on occasion, the client SHOULD continue to use the Request-URI for future requests. This response is only cacheable if indicated by a Cache-Control or Expires header field.

The temporary URI SHOULD be given by the Location field in the response. Unless the request method was HEAD, the entity of the response SHOULD contain a short hypertext note with a hyperlink to the new URI(s).

If the 302 status code is received in response to a request other than GET or HEAD, the user agent MUST NOT automatically redirect the request unless it can be confirmed by the user, since this might change the conditions under which the request was issued.

      Note: RFC 1945 and RFC 2068 specify that the client is not allowed
      to change the method on the redirected request.  However, most
      existing user agent implementations treat 302 as if it were a 303
      response, performing a GET on the Location field-value regardless
      of the original request method. The status codes 303 and 307 have
      been added for servers that wish to make unambiguously clear which
      kind of reaction is expected of the client.

10.3.4 303 See Other

The response to the request can be found under a different URI and SHOULD be retrieved using a GET method on that resource. This method exists primarily to allow the output of a POST-activated script to redirect the user agent to a selected resource. The new URI is not a substitute reference for the originally requested resource. The 303 response MUST NOT be cached, but the response to the second (redirected) request might be cacheable.

The different URI SHOULD be given by the Location field in the response. Unless the request method was HEAD, the entity of the response SHOULD contain a short hypertext note with a hyperlink to the new URI(s).

      Note: Many pre-HTTP/1.1 user agents do not understand the 303
      status. When interoperability with such clients is a concern, the
      302 status code may be used instead, since most user agents react
      to a 302 response as described here for 303.

10.3.5 304 Not Modified

If the client has performed a conditional GET request and access is allowed, but the document has not been modified, the server SHOULD respond with this status code. The 304 response MUST NOT contain a message-body, and thus is always terminated by the first empty line after the header fields.

The response MUST include the following header fields:

      - Date, unless its omission is required by section 14.18.1

If a clockless origin server obeys these rules, and proxies and clients add their own Date to any response received without one (as already specified by [RFC 2068], section 14.19), caches will operate correctly.

      - ETag and/or Content-Location, if the header would have been sent
        in a 200 response to the same request

      - Expires, Cache-Control, and/or Vary, if the field-value might
        differ from that sent in any previous response for the same
        variant

If the conditional GET used a strong cache validator (see section 13.3.3), the response SHOULD NOT include other entity-headers. Otherwise (i.e., the conditional GET used a weak validator), the response MUST NOT include other entity-headers; this prevents inconsistencies between cached entity-bodies and updated headers.

If a 304 response indicates an entity not currently cached, then the cache MUST disregard the response and repeat the request without the conditional.

If a cache uses a received 304 response to update a cache entry, the cache MUST update the entry to reflect any new field values given in the response.

10.3.6 305 Use Proxy

The requested resource MUST be accessed through the proxy given by the Location field. The Location field gives the URI of the proxy. The recipient is expected to repeat this single request via the proxy. 305 responses MUST only be generated by origin servers.

      Note: RFC 2068 was not clear that 305 was intended to redirect a
      single request, and to be generated by origin servers only.  Not
      observing these limitations has significant security consequences.

10.3.7 306 (Unused)

The 306 status code was used in a previous version of the specification, is no longer used, and the code is reserved.

10.3.8 307 Temporary Redirect

The requested resource resides temporarily under a different URI. Since the redirection MAY be altered on occasion, the client SHOULD continue to use the Request-URI for future requests. This response is only cacheable if indicated by a Cache-Control or Expires header field.

The temporary URI SHOULD be given by the Location field in the response. Unless the request method was HEAD, the entity of the response SHOULD contain a short hypertext note with a hyperlink to the new URI(s) , since many pre-HTTP/1.1 user agents do not understand the 307 status. Therefore, the note SHOULD contain the information necessary for a user to repeat the original request on the new URI.

If the 307 status code is received in response to a request other than GET or HEAD, the user agent MUST NOT automatically redirect the request unless it can be confirmed by the user, since this might change the conditions under which the request was issued.

10.4 Client Error 4xx

The 4xx class of status code is intended for cases in which the client seems to have erred. Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server SHOULD include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition. These status codes are applicable to any request method. User agents SHOULD display any included entity to the user.

If the client is sending data, a server implementation using TCP SHOULD be careful to ensure that the client acknowledges receipt of the packet(s) containing the response, before the server closes the input connection. If the client continues sending data to the server after the close, the server's TCP stack will send a reset packet to the client, which may erase the client's unacknowledged input buffers before they can be read and interpreted by the HTTP application.

10.4.1 400 Bad Request

The request could not be understood by the server due to malformed syntax. The client SHOULD NOT repeat the request without modifications.

10.4.2 401 Unauthorized

The request requires user authentication. The response MUST include a WWW-Authenticate header field (section 14.47) containing a challenge applicable to the requested resource. The client MAY repeat the request with a suitable Authorization header field (section 14.8). If the request already included Authorization credentials, then the 401 response indicates that authorization has been refused for those credentials. If the 401 response contains the same challenge as the prior response, and the user agent has already attempted authentication at least once, then the user SHOULD be presented the entity that was given in the response, since that entity might include relevant diagnostic information. HTTP access authentication is explained in "HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication" [43].

10.4.3 402 Payment Required

This code is reserved for future use.

10.4.4 403 Forbidden

The server understood the request, but is refusing to fulfill it. Authorization will not help and the request SHOULD NOT be repeated. If the request method was not HEAD and the server wishes to make public why the request has not been fulfilled, it SHOULD describe the reason for the refusal in the entity. If the server does not wish to make this information available to the client, the status code 404 (Not Found) can be used instead.

10.4.5 404 Not Found

The server has not found anything matching the Request-URI. No indication is given of whether the condition is temporary or permanent. The 410 (Gone) status code SHOULD be used if the server knows, through some internally configurable mechanism, that an old resource is permanently unavailable and has no forwarding address. This status code is commonly used when the server does not wish to reveal exactly why the request has been refused, or when no other response is applicable.

10.4.6 405 Method Not Allowed

The method specified in the Request-Line is not allowed for the resource identified by the Request-URI. The response MUST include an Allow header containing a list of valid methods for the requested resource.

10.4.7 406 Not Acceptable

The resource identified by the request is only capable of generating response entities which have content characteristics not acceptable according to the accept headers sent in the request.

Unless it was a HEAD request, the response SHOULD include an entity containing a list of available entity characteristics and location(s) from which the user or user agent can choose the one most appropriate. The entity format is specified by the media type given in the Content-Type header field. Depending upon the format and the capabilities of the user agent, selection of the most appropriate choice MAY be performed automatically. However, this specification does not define any standard for such automatic selection.

      Note: HTTP/1.1 servers are allowed to return responses which are
      not acceptable according to the accept headers sent in the
      request. In some cases, this may even be preferable to sending a
      406 response. User agents are encouraged to inspect the headers of
      an incoming response to determine if it is acceptable.

If the response could be unacceptable, a user agent SHOULD temporarily stop receipt of more data and query the user for a decision on further actions.

10.4.8 407 Proxy Authentication Required

This code is similar to 401 (Unauthorized), but indicates that the client must first authenticate itself with the proxy. The proxy MUST return a Proxy-Authenticate header field (section 14.33) containing a challenge applicable to the proxy for the requested resource. The client MAY repeat the request with a suitable Proxy-Authorization header field (section 14.34). HTTP access authentication is explained in "HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication" [43].

10.4.9 408 Request Timeout

The client did not produce a request within the time that the server was prepared to wait. The client MAY repeat the request without modifications at any later time.

10.4.10 409 Conflict

The request could not be completed due to a conflict with the current state of the resource. This code is only allowed in situations where it is expected that the user might be able to resolve the conflict and resubmit the request. The response body SHOULD include enough

information for the user to recognize the source of the conflict. Ideally, the response entity would include enough information for the user or user agent to fix the problem; however, that might not be possible and is not required.

Conflicts are most likely to occur in response to a PUT request. For example, if versioning were being used and the entity being PUT included changes to a resource which conflict with those made by an earlier (third-party) request, the server might use the 409 response to indicate that it can't complete the request. In this case, the response entity would likely contain a list of the differences between the two versions in a format defined by the response Content-Type.

10.4.11 410 Gone

The requested resource is no longer available at the server and no forwarding address is known. This condition is expected to be considered permanent. Clients with link editing capabilities SHOULD delete references to the Request-URI after user approval. If the server does not know, or has no facility to determine, whether or not the condition is permanent, the status code 404 (Not Found) SHOULD be used instead. This response is cacheable unless indicated otherwise.

The 410 response is primarily intended to assist the task of web maintenance by notifying the recipient that the resource is intentionally unavailable and that the server owners desire that remote links to that resource be removed. Such an event is common for limited-time, promotional services and for resources belonging to individuals no longer working at the server's site. It is not necessary to mark all permanently unavailable resources as "gone" or to keep the mark for any length of time -- that is left

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