SQLServer常见查询问题

有些常见的问题在论坛中不断出现,不妨整理一下。

以下语句是在SQLServer2005上实现的,一些语句无法在SS2000上执行。

有用指数是我根据这个问题的常见程度打的分,仅供参考。实际上,当你遇到了这个问题,这个问题哪怕再少见,解决方案也是非常有用的。


1. 生成若干行记录
有用指数:★★★★★

常见的问题类型:根据起止日期生成若干个日期、生成一天中的各个时间段

《SQL Server 2005技术内幕:T-SQL查询》作者建议在数据库中创建一个数据表:

SQL code
 
    
-- 自然数表1-1M CREATE TABLE Nums(n int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ) -- 书上介绍了很多种填充方法,以下是最高效的一种,需要SS2005的ROW_NUMBER()函数。 WITH B1 AS ( SELECT n = 1 UNION ALL SELECT n = 1 ), -- 2 B2 AS ( SELECT n = 1 FROM B1 a CROSS JOIN B1 b), -- 4 B3 AS ( SELECT n = 1 FROM B2 a CROSS JOIN B2 b), -- 16 B4 AS ( SELECT n = 1 FROM B3 a CROSS JOIN B3 b), -- 256 B5 AS ( SELECT n = 1 FROM B4 a CROSS JOIN B4 b), -- 65536 CTE AS ( SELECT r = ROW_NUMBER() OVER ( ORDER BY ( SELECT 1 )) FROM B5 a CROSS JOIN B3 b) -- 65536 * 16 INSERT INTO Nums(n) SELECT TOP ( 1000000 ) r FROM CTE ORDER BY r



有了这个数字表,可以做很多事情,除上面提到的两个外,还有:生成一批测试数据、生成所有ASCII字符或UNICODE中文字符、等等。

经常有高手使用SELECT number FROM master..spt_values WHERE type = 'P',这是很妙的方法;但这样只有2048个数字,而且语句太长,不够方便。

总之,一个数字辅助表(10万还是100万根据个人需要而定),你值得拥有。


2. 日历表
有用指数:★★★☆☆

《SQL编程风格》一书建议一个企业的数据库应该创建一个日历表:

SQL code
 
    
CREATE TABLE Calendar( date datetime NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED , weeknum int NOT NULL , weekday int NOT NULL , weekday_desc nchar ( 3 ) NOT NULL , is_workday bit NOT NULL , is_weekend bit NOT NULL ) GO WITH CTE1 AS ( SELECT date = DATEADD ( day ,n, ' 19991231 ' ) FROM Nums WHERE n <= DATEDIFF ( day , ' 19991231 ' , ' 20201231 ' )), CTE2 AS ( SELECT date, weeknum = DATEPART (week,date), weekday = ( DATEPART (weekday,date) + @@DATEFIRST - 1 ) % 7 , weekday_desc = DATENAME (weekday,date) FROM CTE1) -- INSERT INTO Calendar SELECT date, weeknum, weekday, weekday_desc, is_workday = CASE WHEN weekday IN ( 0 , 6 ) THEN 0 ELSE 1 END , is_weekend = CASE WHEN weekday IN ( 0 , 6 ) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END FROM CTE2


这个表可以很容易根据第1条的数字辅助表生成出来。如果经常需要进行日期处理的话,或许会需要这个表。

还可以在这个表中包含一些企业关心的特殊日期,比如开盘日休市日(股票行业)、特殊纪念日和节日、重要员工的生日,等等。这些日期往往是很难计算的,比如中国的法定节假日(农历问题)。


3. 字符串的拼接(Join)与切分(Split)
有用指数:★★★★★

这个问题非常常见!开发中经常需要把一组值以逗号分隔拼接在一个字符串,或是反过来把一个逗号分隔的字符串切分成一组值
用SS2005对XML的支持可以非常方便地实现这个功能。

单变量的拼接与切分:

SQL code
 
    
-- 将一组查询结果按指定分隔符拼接到一个变量中 DECLARE @Datebases varchar ( max ) SET @Datebases = STUFF (( SELECT ' , ' + name FROM sys.databases ORDER BY name FOR XML PATH( '' )), 1 , 1 , '' ) SELECT @Datebases -- 将传入的一个参数按指定分隔符切分到一个表中 DECLARE @SourceIDs varchar ( max ) SET @SourceIDs = ' a,bcd,123,+-*/=,x&y, ' SELECT v = x.n.value( ' . ' , ' varchar(10) ' ) FROM ( SELECT ValuesXML = CAST ( ' ' + REPLACE (( SELECT v = @SourceIDs FOR XML PATH( '' )), ' , ' , ' ' ) + ' ' AS XML) ) t CROSS APPLY t.ValuesXML.nodes( ' /root/v ' ) x(n)



批量的拼接与切分:

SQL code
 
    
-- 测试数据: CREATE TABLE #ToJoin( TableName varchar ( 20 ) NOT NULL , ColumnName varchar ( 20 ) NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (TableName,ColumnName)) GO CREATE TABLE #ToSplit( TableName varchar ( 20 ) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED , ColumnNames varchar ( max ) NOT NULL ) GO INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblEmployee ' , ' EmployeeCode ' ) INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblEmployee ' , ' EmployeeName ' ) INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblEmployee ' , ' HireDate ' ) INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblEmployee ' , ' JobCode ' ) INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblEmployee ' , ' ReportToCode ' ) INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblJob ' , ' JobCode ' ) INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblJob ' , ' JobTitle ' ) INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblJob ' , ' JobLevel ' ) INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblJob ' , ' DepartmentCode ' ) INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblDepartment ' , ' DepartmentCode ' ) INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblDepartment ' , ' DepartmentName ' ) GO INSERT INTO #ToSplit VALUES ( ' tblDepartment ' , ' DepartmentCode,DepartmentName ' ) INSERT INTO #ToSplit VALUES ( ' tblEmployee ' , ' EmployeeCode,EmployeeName,HireDate,JobCode,ReportToCode ' ) INSERT INTO #ToSplit VALUES ( ' tblJob ' , ' DepartmentCode,JobCode,JobLevel,JobTitle ' ) GO -- 拼接(Join),SQL Server 2005的FOR XML扩展可以将一个列表转成一个字串: SELECT t.TableName, ColumnNames = STUFF ( ( SELECT ' , ' + c.ColumnName FROM #ToJoin c WHERE c.TableName = t.TableName FOR XML PATH( '' )), 1 , 1 , '' ) FROM #ToJoin t GROUP BY t.TableName -- 切分(Split),使用SQL Server 2005对XQuery的支持: SELECT t.TableName, ColumnName = c.ColumnName.value( ' . ' , ' varchar(20) ' ) FROM ( SELECT TableName, ColumnNamesXML = CAST ( ' ' + REPLACE (( SELECT ColumnName = ColumnNames FOR XML PATH( '' )), ' , ' , ' ' ) + ' ' AS xml) FROM #ToSplit ) t CROSS APPLY t.ColumnNamesXML.nodes( ' /Root/ColumnName ' ) c(ColumnName)



需要注意的是,倘若分隔符为“;”或者字符串值中包含XML特殊字符(比如&、<、>等等),以上方法可能会无法处理。


4. 树形结构的存储与查询
有用指数:★★★☆☆

数据库设计中常常会遇到需要存储树形结构,比如员工关系表、组织结构表,等等。

SQL code
 
    
-- 测试数据 CREATE TABLE #Employees( EmployeeCode varchar ( 20 ) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED , ReportToCode varchar ( 20 ) NULL ) GO INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' A ' , NULL ) INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' B ' , ' A ' ) INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' C ' , ' A ' ) INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' D ' , ' A ' ) INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' E ' , ' B ' ) INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' F ' , ' B ' ) INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' G ' , ' C ' ) INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' H ' , ' D ' ) INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' I ' , ' D ' ) INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' J ' , ' D ' ) INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' K ' , ' J ' ) INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' L ' , ' J ' ) INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' M ' , ' J ' ) INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' N ' , ' K ' ) GO /* 可能遇到的查询问题: 1. 员工'D'的所有直接下属 2. 员工'D'的所有2级以内的下属(包括直接下属和直接下属的下属) 3. 员工'N'的所有上级(按报告线顺序列出) 4. 员工@EmployeeCode的所有@LevelDown级以内的下属(@EmployeeCode和@LevelDown以变量传入) DECLARE @EmployeeCode varchar(20), @LevelDown int; SET @EmployeeCode = 'D'; SET @LevelDown = 2; 5. 员工@EmployeeCode的所有@LevelUp级以内的上级(@EmployeeCode和@LevelUp以变量传入) DECLARE @EmployeeCode varchar(20), @LevelUp int; SET @EmployeeCode = 'N'; SET @LevelUp = 2; */ -- 用递归CTE实现员工树形关系表 WITH CTE AS ( SELECT EmployeeCode, ReportToCode, ReportToDepth = 0 , ReportToPath = CAST ( ' / ' + EmployeeCode + ' / ' AS varchar ( 200 )) FROM #Employees WHERE ReportToCode IS NULL UNION ALL SELECT e.EmployeeCode, e.ReportToCode, ReportToDepth = mgr.ReportToDepth + 1 , ReportToPath = CAST (mgr.ReportToPath + e.EmployeeCode + ' / ' AS varchar ( 200 )) FROM #Employees e INNER JOIN CTE mgr ON e.ReportToCode = mgr.EmployeeCode ) SELECT * FROM CTE ORDER BY ReportToPath




5. IPv4地址的存储与查询
有用指数:★★☆☆☆

IPv4的地址实际上是一个4字节的数据。点分十进制的字符串表示是为了人工读写方便,但范围比较则是原始二进制形式方便。因此需要实现二者的相互转换。

SQL code
 
    
-- 测试数据 CREATE TABLE #IPs( strIP varchar ( 15 ) NULL , binIP binary ( 4 ) NULL ) GO INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( ' 0.0.0.0 ' , NULL ) INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( ' 255.255.255.255 ' , NULL ) INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( ' 127.0.0.1 ' , NULL ) INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( ' 192.168.43.192 ' , NULL ) INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( ' 192.168.1.101 ' , NULL ) INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( ' 65.54.239.80 ' , NULL ) INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( NULL , 0xB92AEAD3 ) INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( NULL , 0x2D4B2E53 ) INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( NULL , 0x31031B0B ) INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( NULL , 0x7C2D5F2F ) INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( NULL , 0x473E5D31 ) INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( NULL , 0x90D7D66B ) GO SELECT strIP,binIP, strIP_new = CAST ( CAST ( SUBSTRING (binIP, 1 , 1 ) AS int ) AS varchar ( 3 )) + ' . ' + CAST ( CAST ( SUBSTRING (binIP, 2 , 1 ) AS int ) AS varchar ( 3 )) + ' . ' + CAST ( CAST ( SUBSTRING (binIP, 3 , 1 ) AS int ) AS varchar ( 3 )) + ' . ' + CAST ( CAST ( SUBSTRING (binIP, 4 , 1 ) AS int ) AS varchar ( 3 )), binIP_new = CAST ( CAST ( PARSENAME (strIP, 4 ) AS int ) AS binary ( 1 )) + CAST ( CAST ( PARSENAME (strIP, 3 ) AS int ) AS binary ( 1 )) + CAST ( CAST ( PARSENAME (strIP, 2 ) AS int ) AS binary ( 1 )) + CAST ( CAST ( PARSENAME (strIP, 1 ) AS int ) AS binary ( 1 )), intIP_new = CAST ( PARSENAME (strIP, 1 ) AS bigint ) + CAST ( PARSENAME (strIP, 2 ) AS bigint ) * 256 + CAST ( PARSENAME (strIP, 3 ) AS bigint ) * 65536 + CAST ( PARSENAME (strIP, 4 ) AS bigint ) * 16777216 -- int类型也可以,但浪费空间且不直观 FROM #IPs




6. 中文字符处理
有用指数:★★★★☆

SQLServer中文处理涉及到字符集编码和排序规则,是个非常纠结的问题。参看这篇博客

SQL code
 
    
-- ASCII字符 SELECT n,x = CAST (n AS binary ( 2 )),u = NCHAR (n) FROM Nums WHERE n BETWEEN 32 AND 126 -- UNICODE中文字符 SELECT n,x = CAST (n AS binary ( 2 )),u = NCHAR (n) FROM Nums WHERE n BETWEEN 19968 AND 40869 19968 0x4E00 40869 0x9FA5 -- 以下两个条件用来判断字符串是否包含汉字 LIKE N ' %[吖-咗]% ' COLLATE Chinese_PRC_CI_AS LIKE N ' %[一-龥]% ' COLLATE Chinese_PRC_BIN -- 这是因为在以上两种不同的排序规则下,汉字的排列顺序是不同的。 -- 中文全角标点符号 SELECT n,x = CAST (n AS binary ( 2 )),uq = NCHAR (n),ub = NCHAR (n - 65248 ) FROM Nums WHERE n BETWEEN 65281 AND 65374 SELECT NCHAR ( 12288 ), NCHAR ( 32 ) 65281 0xFF01 ! ! 65374 0xFF5E ~ -- 以下条件用来判断字符串是否包含全角标点 LIKE N ' %[!-~]% ' COLLATE Chinese_PRC_BIN



全角半角标点的转换:

SQL code
 
    
-- full2half CREATE FUNCTION [ dbo ] . [ full2half ] ( @String nvarchar ( max ) ) RETURNS nvarchar ( max ) AS /* 全角(Fullwidth)转换为半角(Halfwidth) */ BEGIN DECLARE @chr nchar ( 1 ) DECLARE @i int SET @String = REPLACE ( @String ,N '   ' ,N ' ' ) SET @i = PATINDEX (N ' %[!-~]% ' COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, @String ) WHILE @i > 0 BEGIN SET @chr = SUBSTRING ( @String , @i , 1 ) SET @String = REPLACE ( @String , @chr , NCHAR ( UNICODE ( @chr ) - 65248 )) SET @i = PATINDEX (N ' %[!-~]% ' COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, @String ) END RETURN @String END GO CREATE FUNCTION [ dbo ] . [ half2full ] ( @String nvarchar ( max ) ) RETURNS nvarchar ( max ) AS /* 半角(Halfwidth)转换为全角(Fullwidth) */ BEGIN DECLARE @chr nchar ( 1 ) DECLARE @i int SET @String = REPLACE ( @String ,N ' ' ,N '   ' ) SET @i = PATINDEX (N ' %[!-~]% ' COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, @String ) WHILE @i > 0 BEGIN SET @chr = SUBSTRING ( @String , @i , 1 ) SET @String = REPLACE ( @String , @chr , NCHAR ( UNICODE ( @chr ) + 65248 )) SET @i = PATINDEX (N ' %[!-~]% ' COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, @String ) END RETURN @String END GO
 
    
7. binary字符串
有用指数:★☆☆☆☆

0x1234与'0x1234'的相互转换。很明显,CAST/CONVERT是不行的。

SQL code
 
       
-- string到binary可以用这个系统函数sys.fn_varbintohexstr()(实际上是master.dbo.fn_varbintohexstr) SELECT sys.fn_varbintohexstr( 0x1234 ), ' 0x1234 ' -- binary到string需要自定义函数 CREATE FUNCTION dbo.hexstr2varbin( @hexstr varchar ( max ) ) RETURNS varbinary ( max ) AS /* 将表示16进制的字符串转换为2进制类型 --TESTCASES SELECT dbo.hexstr2varbin(NULL),NULL SELECT dbo.hexstr2varbin(''),0x SELECT dbo.hexstr2varbin('0x'),0x SELECT dbo.hexstr2varbin('30394161'),0x30394161 SELECT dbo.hexstr2varbin('0x30394161'),0x30394161 SELECT dbo.hexstr2varbin('0x1A2B3C4D5E6F'),0x1A2B3C4D5E6F SELECT dbo.hexstr2varbin('0x1a2b3c4d5e6f'),0x1a2b3c4d5e6f --UNIMPLEMENTED SELECT dbo.hexstr2varbin('0x3039416'),0x3039416 */ BEGIN DECLARE @value int DECLARE @ascii int DECLARE @varbin varbinary ( max ) IF @hexstr LIKE ' 0x% ' SET @hexstr = STUFF ( @hexstr , 1 , 2 , '' ) SET @hexstr = UPPER ( @hexstr ) IF @hexstr NOT LIKE ' %[^0-9A-F]% ' COLLATE Chinese_PRC_BIN BEGIN SET @varbin = 0x WHILE @hexstr <> '' BEGIN SET @value = ASCII ( SUBSTRING ( @hexstr , 1 , 1 )) IF @value <= 57 SET @value = @value - 48 ELSE SET @value = @value - 55 SET @ascii = @value * 16 SET @value = ASCII ( SUBSTRING ( @hexstr , 2 , 1 )) IF @value <= 57 SET @value = @value - 48 ELSE SET @value = @value - 55 SET @ascii = @ascii + @value SET @varbin = @varbin + CAST ( @ascii AS binary ( 1 )) SET @hexstr = STUFF ( @hexstr , 1 , 2 , '' ) END END RETURN @varbin END GO

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