【回顾&引言】前面一章的内容大家可以感觉到我们主要是对基础知识做一个梳理,让大家了解数据分析的一些操作,主要做了数据的各个角度的观察。那么在这里,我们主要是做数据分析的流程性学习,主要是包括了数据清洗以及数据的特征处理,数据重构以及数据可视化。这些内容是为数据分析最后的建模和模型评价做一个铺垫。
#加载所需的库
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
#加载数据train.csv
df = pd.read_csv('train.csv')
df.head(3)
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S |
我们拿到的数据通常是不干净的,所谓的不干净,就是数据中有缺失值,有一些异常点等,需要经过一定的处理才能继续做后面的分析或建模,所以拿到数据的第一步是进行数据清洗,本章我们将学习缺失值、重复值、字符串和数据转换等操作,将数据清洗成可以分析或建模的样子。
我们拿到的数据经常会有很多缺失值,比如我们可以看到Cabin列存在NaN,那其他列还有没有缺失值,这些缺失值要怎么处理呢
(1) 请查看每个特征缺失值个数
(2) 请查看Age, Cabin, Embarked列的数据
以上方式都有多种方式,所以建议大家学习的时候多多益善
#方法一
df.info()
RangeIndex: 891 entries, 0 to 890
Data columns (total 12 columns):
PassengerId 891 non-null int64
Survived 891 non-null int64
Pclass 891 non-null int64
Name 891 non-null object
Sex 891 non-null object
Age 714 non-null float64
SibSp 891 non-null int64
Parch 891 non-null int64
Ticket 891 non-null object
Fare 891 non-null float64
Cabin 204 non-null object
Embarked 889 non-null object
dtypes: float64(2), int64(5), object(5)
memory usage: 83.6+ KB
#方法二
df.isnull().sum()
PassengerId 0
Survived 0
Pclass 0
Name 0
Sex 0
Age 177
SibSp 0
Parch 0
Ticket 0
Fare 0
Cabin 687
Embarked 2
dtype: int64
df[['Age','Cabin','Embarked']].head(3)
Age | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 22.0 | NaN | S |
1 | 38.0 | C85 | C |
2 | 26.0 | NaN | S |
(1)处理缺失值一般有几种思路
(2) 请尝试对Age列的数据的缺失值进行处理
(3) 请尝试使用不同的方法直接对整张表的缺失值进行处理
以下是举例:
df[df['Age']==None]=0
df.head(3)
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S |
df[df['Age'].isnull()] = 0 # 还好
df.head(3)
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S |
df[df['Age'] == np.nan] = 0
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S |
【思考】检索空缺值用np.nan要比用None好,这是为什么?
【回答】数值列读取数据后,空缺值的数据类型为float64所以用None一般索引不到,比较的时候最好用np.nan
df.dropna().head(3)
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S |
6 | 7 | 0 | 1 | McCarthy, Mr. Timothy J | male | 54.0 | 0 | 0 | 17463 | 51.8625 | E46 | S |
df.fillna(0).head(3)
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | 0 | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | 0 | S |
【思考】dropna和fillna有哪些参数,分别如何使用呢?
【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.dropna.html
【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.fillna.html
由于这样那样的原因,数据中会不会存在重复值呢,如果存在要怎样处理呢
df[df.duplicated()]
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked |
---|
(1)重复值有哪些处理方式呢?
(2)处理我们数据的重复值
方法多多益善
以下是对整个行有缺失值的清理的方法举例:
df.drop_duplicates().head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S |
df.to_csv('test_clear.csv')
我们对特征进行一下观察,可以把特征大概分为两大类:
数值型特征:Survived ,Pclass, Age ,SibSp, Parch, Fare,其中Survived, Pclass为离散型数值特征,Age,SibSp, Parch, Fare为连续型数值特征
文本型特征:Name, Sex, Cabin,Embarked, Ticket,其中Sex, Cabin, Embarked, Ticket为类别型文本特征。
数值型特征一般可以直接用于模型的训练,但有时候为了模型的稳定性及鲁棒性会对连续变量进行离散化。文本型特征往往需要转换成数值型特征才能用于建模分析。
(1) 分箱操作是什么?
(2) 将连续变量Age平均分箱成5个年龄段,并分别用类别变量12345表示
(3) 将连续变量Age划分为[0,5) [5,15) [15,30) [30,50) [50,80)五个年龄段,并分别用类别变量12345表示
(4) 将连续变量Age按10% 30% 50 70% 90%五个年龄段,并用分类变量12345表示
(5) 将上面的获得的数据分别进行保存,保存为csv格式
#将连续变量Age平均分箱成5个年龄段,并分别用类别变量12345表示
df['AgeBand'] = pd.cut(df['Age'], 5,labels = ['1','2','3','4','5'])
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 3 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 2 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 3 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 3 |
df.to_csv('test_ave.csv')
#将连续变量Age划分为[0,5) [5,15) [15,30) [30,50) [50,80)五个年龄段,并分别用类别变量12345表示
df['AgeBand'] = pd.cut(df['Age'],[0,5,15,30,50,80],labels = ['1','2','3','4','5'])
df.head(3)
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 3 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 4 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 3 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 4 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 4 |
df.to_csv('test_cut.csv')
#将连续变量Age按10% 30% 50 70% 90%五个年龄段,并用分类变量12345表示
df['AgeBand'] = pd.qcut(df['Age'],[0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9],labels = ['1','2','3','4','5'])
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 5 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 3 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 4 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 4 |
df.to_csv('test_pr.csv')
【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.cut.html
【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.qcut.html
(1) 查看文本变量名及种类
(2) 将文本变量Sex, Cabin ,Embarked用数值变量12345表示
(3) 将文本变量Sex, Cabin, Embarked用one-hot编码表示
方法多多益善
#查看类别文本变量名及种类
#方法一: value_counts
df['Sex'].value_counts()
male 577
female 314
Name: Sex, dtype: int64
df['Cabin'].value_counts()
G6 4
B96 B98 4
C23 C25 C27 4
F33 3
D 3
..
A36 1
C62 C64 1
A20 1
C148 1
C111 1
Name: Cabin, Length: 147, dtype: int64
df['Embarked'].value_counts()
S 644
C 168
Q 77
Name: Embarked, dtype: int64
#方法二: unique
df['Sex'].unique()
array(['male', 'female'], dtype=object)
df['Sex'].nunique()
2
#将类别文本转换为12345
#方法一: replace
df['Sex_num'] = df['Sex'].replace(['male','female'],[1,2])
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | Sex_num | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 | 1 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 5 | 2 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 3 | 2 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 4 | 2 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 4 | 1 |
#方法二: map
df['Sex_num'] = df['Sex'].map({'male': 1, 'female': 2})
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | Sex_num | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 | 1 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 5 | 2 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 3 | 2 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 4 | 2 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 4 | 1 |
#方法三: 使用sklearn.preprocessing的LabelEncoder
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
for feat in ['Cabin', 'Ticket']:
lbl = LabelEncoder()
label_dict = dict(zip(df[feat].unique(), range(df[feat].nunique())))
df[feat + "_labelEncode"] = df[feat].map(label_dict)
df[feat + "_labelEncode"] = lbl.fit_transform(df[feat].astype(str))
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | Sex_num | Cabin_labelEncode | Ticket_labelEncode | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 | 1 | 147 | 523 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 5 | 2 | 81 | 596 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 3 | 2 | 147 | 669 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 4 | 2 | 55 | 49 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 4 | 1 | 147 | 472 |
#将类别文本转换为one-hot编码
#方法一: OneHotEncoder
for feat in ["Age", "Embarked"]:
# x = pd.get_dummies(df["Age"] // 6)
# x = pd.get_dummies(pd.cut(df['Age'],5))
x = pd.get_dummies(df[feat], prefix=feat)
df = pd.concat([df, x], axis=1)
#df[feat] = pd.get_dummies(df[feat], prefix=feat)
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | ... | Age_65.0 | Age_66.0 | Age_70.0 | Age_70.5 | Age_71.0 | Age_74.0 | Age_80.0 | Embarked_C | Embarked_Q | Embarked_S | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
5 rows × 107 columns
df['Title'] = df.Name.str.extract('([A-Za-z]+)\.', expand=False)
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | ... | Age_66.0 | Age_70.0 | Age_70.5 | Age_71.0 | Age_74.0 | Age_80.0 | Embarked_C | Embarked_Q | Embarked_S | Title | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Mr |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Mrs |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Miss |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Mrs |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Mr |
5 rows × 108 columns
# 保存上面的为最终结论
df.to_csv('test_fin.csv')