Python执行系统命令的方法

1.os.system

使用os.system(cmd)即可在python中使用linux命令

os.system(cmd)的返回值。如果执行成功，那么会返回0，表示命令执行成功。否则，则是执行错误。

使用os.system返回值是脚本的退出状态码，该方法在调用完shell脚本后，返回一个16位的二进制数，低位为杀死所调用脚本的信号号码，高位为脚本的退出状态码（查看文章尾部扩展资料[1]），即脚本中“exit 1”的代码执行后，os.system函数返回值的高位数则是1，如果低位数是0的情况下，则函数的返回值是0×0100,换算为10进制得到256。

关于os.system中连续执行多条语句的情况（想法是切换路径并且执行python）：

1. 父进程的环境变量(environment variables)会默认传递到子进程中(工作目录PWD就是环境变量之一)
2. 使用system函数，子进程无法影响父进程中的环境变量

根据这两点，执行第一条os.system('cd /data/kk/')引发的工作目录变更作用范围仅限于第一个被创建的子进程，故而当前的工作目录没有变更，到执行os.system('python test.py ')就会报错。

 

2.os.popen() 

通过 os.popen() 返回的是 file read 的对象，对其进行读取 read() 的操作可以看到执行的输出。

这种调用方式是通过管道的方式来实现（查看文章尾部扩展资料[2]），函数返回一个file-like的对象，里面的内容是脚本输出的内容（可简单理解为echo输出的内容）。

output = os.popen('cat /proc/cpuinfo')
print output.read()

 

3.commands.getstatusoutput() 

读取程序执行的返回值和输出

import commands
(status, output) = commands.getstatusoutput('cat /proc/cpuinfo')
print status, output
# (0, 'aaaaaaa')

 

4.示例

# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

import os

print 'test os.system...'
command = 'free -m 1> test.txt'
status = os.system(command)
if status != 0:
    raise Exception('执行系统命令失败, command=%s, status=%s' % (command, status))
    
print 'test os.popen...'
output = os.popen('cat /root/kangkai/test.txt')
print output.read()

print 'test commands...'
import commands
(status, output) = commands.getstatusoutput('ls /root/kangkai/')
print status, output

 

/*************************************************************************************************************/

扩展[1]：

linux命令执行后无论成功与否都有一个返回值：

如果为 0，则表示命令执行成功，其它值则表示错误，具体的错误码含义如下：

 "OS error code   1:  Operation not permitted"
 "OS error code   2:  No such file or directory"
 "OS error code   3:  No such process"
 "OS error code   4:  Interrupted system call"
 "OS error code   5:  Input/output error"
 "OS error code   6:  No such device or address"
 "OS error code   7:  Argument list too long"
 "OS error code   8:  Exec format error"
 "OS error code   9:  Bad file descriptor"
 "OS error code  10:  No child processes"
 "OS error code  11:  Resource temporarily unavailable"
 "OS error code  12:  Cannot allocate memory"
 "OS error code  13:  Permission denied"
 "OS error code  14:  Bad address"
 "OS error code  15:  Block device required"
 "OS error code  16:  Device or resource busy"
 "OS error code  17:  File exists"
 "OS error code  18:  Invalid cross-device link"
 "OS error code  19:  No such device"
 "OS error code  20:  Not a directory"
 "OS error code  21:  Is a directory"
 "OS error code  22:  Invalid argument"
 "OS error code  23:  Too many open files in system"
 "OS error code  24:  Too many open files"
 "OS error code  25:  Inappropriate ioctl for device"
 "OS error code  26:  Text file busy"
 "OS error code  27:  File too large"
 "OS error code  28:  No space left on device"
 "OS error code  29:  Illegal seek"
 "OS error code  30:  Read-only file system"
 "OS error code  31:  Too many links"
 "OS error code  32:  Broken pipe"
 "OS error code  33:  Numerical argument out of domain"
 "OS error code  34:  Numerical result out of range"
 "OS error code  35:  Resource deadlock avoided"
 "OS error code  36:  File name too long"
 "OS error code  37:  No locks available"
 "OS error code  38:  Function not implemented"
 "OS error code  39:  Directory not empty"
 "OS error code  40:  Too many levels of symbolic links"
 "OS error code  42:  No message of desired type"
 "OS error code  43:  Identifier removed"
 "OS error code  44:  Channel number out of range"
 "OS error code  45:  Level 2 not synchronized"
 "OS error code  46:  Level 3 halted"
 "OS error code  47:  Level 3 reset"
 "OS error code  48:  Link number out of range"
 "OS error code  49:  Protocol driver not attached"
 "OS error code  50:  No CSI structure available"
 "OS error code  51:  Level 2 halted"
 "OS error code  52:  Invalid exchange"
 "OS error code  53:  Invalid request descriptor"
 "OS error code  54:  Exchange full"
 "OS error code  55:  No anode"
 "OS error code  56:  Invalid request code"
 "OS error code  57:  Invalid slot"
 "OS error code  59:  Bad font file format"
 "OS error code  60:  Device not a stream"
 "OS error code  61:  No data available"
 "OS error code  62:  Timer expired"
 "OS error code  63:  Out of streams resources"
 "OS error code  64:  Machine is not on the network"
 "OS error code  65:  Package not installed"
 "OS error code  66:  Object is remote"
 "OS error code  67:  Link has been severed"
 "OS error code  68:  Advertise error"
 "OS error code  69:  Srmount error"
 "OS error code  70:  Communication error on send"
 "OS error code  71:  Protocol error"
 "OS error code  72:  Multihop attempted"
 "OS error code  73:  RFS specific error"
 "OS error code  74:  Bad message"
 "OS error code  75:  Value too large for defined data type"
 "OS error code  76:  Name not unique on network"
 "OS error code  77:  File descriptor in bad state"
 "OS error code  78:  Remote address changed"
 "OS error code  79:  Can not access a needed shared library"
 "OS error code  80:  Accessing a corrupted shared library"
 "OS error code  81:  .lib section in a.out corrupted"
 "OS error code  82:  Attempting to link in too many shared libraries"
 "OS error code  83:  Cannot exec a shared library directly"
 "OS error code  84:  Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character"
 "OS error code  85:  Interrupted system call should be restarted"
 "OS error code  86:  Streams pipe error"
 "OS error code  87:  Too many users"
 "OS error code  88:  Socket operation on non-socket"
 "OS error code  89:  Destination address required"
 "OS error code  90:  Message too long"
 "OS error code  91:  Protocol wrong type for socket"
 "OS error code  92:  Protocol not available"
 "OS error code  93:  Protocol not supported"
 "OS error code  94:  Socket type not supported"
 "OS error code  95:  Operation not supported"
 "OS error code  96:  Protocol family not supported"
 "OS error code  97:  Address family not supported by protocol"
 "OS error code  98:  Address already in use"
 "OS error code  99:  Cannot assign requested address"
 "OS error code 100:  Network is down"
 "OS error code 101:  Network is unreachable"
 "OS error code 102:  Network dropped connection on reset"
 "OS error code 103:  Software caused connection abort"
 "OS error code 104:  Connection reset by peer"
 "OS error code 105:  No buffer space available"
 "OS error code 106:  Transport endpoint is already connected"
 "OS error code 107:  Transport endpoint is not connected"
 "OS error code 108:  Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown"
 "OS error code 109:  Too many references: cannot splice"
 "OS error code 110:  Connection timed out"
 "OS error code 111:  Connection refused"
 "OS error code 112:  Host is down"
 "OS error code 113:  No route to host"
 "OS error code 114:  Operation already in progress"
 "OS error code 115:  Operation now in progress"
 "OS error code 116:  Stale NFS file handle"
 "OS error code 117:  Structure needs cleaning"
 "OS error code 118:  Not a XENIX named type file"
 "OS error code 119:  No XENIX semaphores available"
 "OS error code 120:  Is a named type file"
 "OS error code 121:  Remote I/O error"
 "OS error code 122:  Disk quota exceeded"
 "OS error code 123:  No medium found"
 "OS error code 124:  Wrong medium type"
 "OS error code 125:  Operation canceled"
 "OS error code 126:  Required key not available"
 "OS error code 127:  Key has expired"
 "OS error code 128:  Key has been revoked"
 "OS error code 129:  Key was rejected by service"
 "OS error code 130:  Owner died"
 "OS error code 131:  State not recoverable" 

 

扩展[2]：

popen()函数通过创建一个管道，调用fork()产生一个子进程，执行一个shell以运行命令来开启一个进程。popen()的返回值是个标准I/O流，这个管道必须由pclose()函数关闭，而不是fclose()函数。

pclose()函数关闭标准I/O流，等待命令执行结束，然后返回shell的终止状态。如果shell不能被执行，则pclose()返回的终止状态与shell已执行exit一样。

https://note.youdao.com/web/#/file/208B814CF11F40DEA1B49E2DA233B9AD/note/WEB82760f198c239dfae9aca97d799bee65/