（二）Python3 网页正文提取的各种方法和技巧

本文仅介绍一些简单易用的网页正文提取方法，不涉及正文提取的各种原理。

newspaper

功能非常丰富的一个包，不仅仅支持正文提取，也支持翻译（无字符限制），关键词获取，正确率较高，还有NLP相关的语料库。并且有Python2和Python3两个版本。
安装方式：

pip3 install newspaper3k

使用示例，以今年国庆阅兵的新闻为例：

from newspaper import Article
url='http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2019/10-01/8970262.shtml'
a=Article(url)
a.download()
a.parse()
print(a.text)

更多功能介绍和示例请见github：https://github.com/codelucas/newspaper

URL2IO

搜索正文提取比较容易找到的一个免费API，通过注册账号获取token，然后使用该API，还有很多功能待开发。优点是简单易用。
官网：http://url2io.applinzi.com/
Github:https://github.com/url2io/url2io-python-sdk
使用方法：
1.注册账号获取token
2.下载url2io.py文件，放到项目文件夹中(或者加进环境变量)。懒得找下载的也可以直接拖到最下面创建个文件复制粘贴一下代码。
3.使用如下代码(token为注册账号获得的一个字符串)获得上例的正文：

import url2io
api = url2io.API("7vE7n2DHQ5SUmsZ85ZzOoA")
ret = api.article(url='http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2019/10-01/8970262.shtml',fields=['text',])
print(ret['text'])

其他解析器

仅举一个用起来觉得效果不错的，需要安装jparser，lxml。
具体安装的问题我也出现过，但是忘了。遇到问题的也可以问我。
废话不说，代码如下：

import requests,time
from jparser import PageModel
from urllib.parse import urlparse

headers = {
    'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8',
    'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
    'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9',
    'Connection': 'keep-alive',
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36',
}
def get_jparser(url):
    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
    en_code = response.encoding
    de_code = response.apparent_encoding
    # print(en_code,de_code,'-----------------')
    if de_code == None:
        if en_code in ['utf-8', 'UTF-8']:  # en_code=utf-8时，de_code=utf-8,可以获取到内容
            de_code = 'utf-8'
    elif de_code in ['ISO-8859-1', 'ISO-8859-2', 'Windows-1254', 'UTF-8-SIG']:
        de_code = 'utf-8'
    html = response.text.encode(en_code, errors='ignore').decode(de_code, errors='ignore')
    pm = PageModel(html)
    result = pm.extract()
    #print("pm.extract result:\n",result)
    ans = [x['data'] for x in result['content'] if x['type'] == 'text']
    #print(ans)
    for i in range(len(ans)):
        ans[i]=ans[i]+'\n'
    content=''.join(ans)
    return content
print(get_jparser("http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2019/10-01/8970262.shtml"))

调用get_jparser函数即可，运行结果为:
但是本方法也有明显的缺点：获取后的部分不能很好的体现网页的结构，由于PageModel内部使用正则表达式，不能很好的针对大部分网站。所以我在以前函数的基础上给列表的每个元素加上换行，以此来分段。

url2io.py代码：

# coding: utf-8
#
# This program is free software. It comes without any warranty, to
# the extent permitted by applicable law. You can redistribute it
# and/or modify it under the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want
# To Public License, Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See
# http://sam.zoy.org/wtfpl/COPYING (copied as below) for more details.
#
#                DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO PUBLIC LICENSE 
#                        Version 2, December 2004 
#
#     Copyright (C) 2004 Sam Hocevar  
#
#     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim or modified 
#     copies of this license document, and changing it is allowed as long 
#     as the name is changed. 
#
#                DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO PUBLIC LICENSE 
#       TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 
#
#      0. You just DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO. 

"""a simple url2io sdk
example:
api = API(token)
api.article(url='http://www.url2io.com/products', fields=['next', 'text'])
"""

__all__ = ['APIError', 'API']

DEBUG_LEVEL = 1

import sys
import socket
import json
import urllib
from urllib import request
import time
from collections import Iterable
import importlib

importlib.reload(sys)

headers = {
    'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
    'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0',
    'Connection': 'keep-alive',
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.txt.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'
}  # 定义头文件，伪装成浏览器


class APIError(Exception):
    code = None
    """HTTP status code"""

    url = None
    """request URL"""

    body = None
    """server response body; or detailed error information"""

    def __init__(self, code, url, body):
        self.code = code
        self.url = url
        self.body = body

    def __str__(self):
        return 'code={s.code}\nurl={s.url}\n{s.body}'.format(s=self)

    __repr__ = __str__


class API(object):
    token = None    
    server = 'http://api.url2io.com/'

    decode_result = True
    timeout = None
    max_retries = None
    retry_delay = None

    def __init__(self, token, srv=None,
                 decode_result=True, timeout=30, max_retries=5,
                 retry_delay=3):
        """:param srv: The API server address
        :param decode_result: whether to json_decode the result
        :param timeout: HTTP request timeout in seconds
        :param max_retries: maximal number of retries after catching URL error
            or socket error
        :param retry_delay: time to sleep before retrying"""
        self.token = token
        if srv:
            self.server = srv
        self.decode_result = decode_result
        assert timeout >= 0 or timeout is None
        assert max_retries >= 0
        self.timeout = timeout
        self.max_retries = max_retries
        self.retry_delay = retry_delay

        _setup_apiobj(self, self, [])

    def update_request(self, request):
        """overwrite this function to update the request before sending it to
        server"""
        pass


def _setup_apiobj(self, apiobj, path):
    if self is not apiobj:
        self._api = apiobj
        self._urlbase = apiobj.server + '/'.join(path)

    lvl = len(path)
    done = set()
    for i in _APIS:
        if len(i) <= lvl:
            continue
        cur = i[lvl]
        if i[:lvl] == path and cur not in done:
            done.add(cur)
            setattr(self, cur, _APIProxy(apiobj, i[:lvl + 1]))


class _APIProxy(object):
    _api = None

    _urlbase = None

    def __init__(self, apiobj, path):
        _setup_apiobj(self, apiobj, path)

    def __call__(self, post=False, *args, **kwargs):
        # /article
        # url = 'http://xxxx.xxx',
        # fields = ['next',],
        #
        if len(args):
            raise TypeError('only keyword arguments are allowed')
        if type(post) is not bool:
            raise TypeError('post argument can only be True or False')

        url = self.geturl(**kwargs)

        request = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=headers)

        self._api.update_request(request)

        retry = self._api.max_retries
        while True:
            retry -= 1
            try:
                ret = urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=self._api.timeout).read()
                break
            except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
                raise APIError(e.code, url, e.read())
            except (socket.error, urllib.error.URLError) as e:
                if retry < 0:
                    raise e
                _print_debug('caught error: {}; retrying'.format(e))
                time.sleep(self._api.retry_delay)

        if self._api.decode_result:
            try:
                ret = json.loads(ret)
            except:
                raise APIError(-1, url, 'json decode error, value={0!r}'.format(ret))
        return ret

    def _mkarg(self, kargs):
        """change the argument list (encode value, add api key/secret)
        :return: the new argument list"""

        def enc(x):
            # if isinstance(x, unicode):
            #    return x.encode('utf-8')
            # return str(x)
            return x.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(x, str) else str(x)

        kargs = kargs.copy()
        kargs['token'] = self._api.token
        for (k, v) in kargs.items():
            if isinstance(v, Iterable) and not isinstance(v, str):
                kargs[k] = ','.join([str(i) for i in v])
            else:
                kargs[k] = enc(v)

        return kargs

    def geturl(self, **kargs):
        """return the request url"""
        return self._urlbase + '?' + urllib.parse.urlencode(self._mkarg(kargs))


def _print_debug(msg):
    if DEBUG_LEVEL:
        sys.stderr.write(str(msg) + '\n')


_APIS = [
    '/article',
    # '/images',
]

_APIS = [i.split('/')[1:] for i in _APIS]