学习总结002：计算机专业英语短文阅读

废话：
专业英语太重要啦，赶紧学呀！
正文：
Part One：
Computer networks may be divided according to the network topology upon which the network is based, such as bus network, star network, ring network, mesh network, star-bus network, tree or hierarchical topology network. Network topology signifies the way in which devices in the network see their physical relations to one another. The use of the term “logical” here is significant. That is, network topology is independent of the “physical” hierarchy of the network. Even if networked computers are physically placed in a linear arrangement, if they are connected via a hub, the network has a Star topology, rather than a bus topology. In this regard the visual and operational characteristics of a network are distinct; the logical network topology is not necessarily the same as the physical layout. Networks may be classified based on the method of data used to convey the data, these include digital and analog networks.
翻译：
topology 拓扑（刚一见到这个词还以为是technology写错了=-=后来想起来网络工程中画的拓扑图的后缀就是topo）
bus network 总线网络
mesh network 网状网络
hierarchical 分层的，等级体系的
linear 线的，线型的
logical 符合逻辑的，合理的，逻辑
analog 模拟
计算机网络的划分是根据网络所基于的网络拓扑，如总线网络，星型网络，环形网络，网状网络，星型-总线网络，树/分层拓扑网络。网络拓扑表示网络中的设备看待相互之间物理关系的方式。“逻辑”这个术语的使用在这里是很重要的。因为网络拓扑和网络中的物理层是独立的，虽然联网的计算机从物理上展现出来的是线型排列，但是如果他们通过一个集线器连接，这个网络就是星型拓扑，而不是总线型拓扑。在这方面，肉眼看到的和网络的运行特点是不一样的。逻辑网络拓扑不一定非要和物理布局一样。网络或许可以基于传送数据的方法来划分，这就包括数字网络和模拟网络。
Part Two：
Linux is an operating system that was initially created as a hobby by a young student, Linus Torvalds, at the University of Helsinki in Finland. Linus had an interest in Minix, a small UNIX system, and decided to develop a system that exceeded the Minix standards. He began his work in 1991 when he released version 0.02 and worked steadily until 1994 when version 1.0 of the Linux Kernel was released. The Kernel, at the heart of all Linux systems, is developed and released under the GNU General Public License and its source code is freely available to everyone. It is this kernel that forms the base around which a Linux operating system is developed. There are now literally hundreds of companies and organizations and an equal number of individuals that have released their own versions of operating systems based on the Linux kernel. More information on the kernel can be found at our sister site, LinuxHQ and at the BBS Linux Kernel Archives. The current full-featured version is 2.6 (released December 2003) and development continues. Apart from the fact that it’s freely distributed, Linux’s functionality, adaptability and robustness, has made it the main alternative for proprietary Unix and Microsoft operating systems.
翻译：
operating system 操作系统
Linus Torvalds （人名）Linux操作系统的创造者
Helsinki 赫尔辛基（芬兰的首都）
Finland 芬兰
Minix （一个操作系统）
Kernel 内核，核心
adaptability 适应性，可变性
robustness 鲁棒性，健壮性
Linux是一个操作系统，作为芬兰赫尔辛基大学的学生Linus Torvalds的业余爱好被首次创造出来。Minix是一个小型的UNIX系统，Linus对它很感兴趣并且想要创造一个超过Minix标准的系统。Linus在1991年着手工作，发布了版本0.02，并且持续工作到1994年，发布了Linux内核1.0版本。内核是所有Linux系统的心脏，它在GNU通用公共许可下发展和公布，源代码对每个人都是免费使用的。正是这个内核形成了Linux操作系统发展的基础。毫不夸张的说，有数以百计的公司、组织和相等数量的个体发布了他们自己版本的基于Linux内核的操作系统。更多关于Linux内核的信息可以在我们的姐妹网站LinuxHQ和电子公告栏Linux Kernel Archives查看。当前功能完善的版本是2.6（2003年12月发布），还在持续更新。除了它免费发布的事实，Linux的功能性、适应性和健壮性使它成为专营的UNIX和微软操作系统的替换物。
Part Three：
Steven Paul “Steve” Jobs (born February 24, 1955) is an American businessman, and the co-founder and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Jobs previously served as CEO of Pixar Animation Studios.
In the late 1970s, Jobs, with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, created one of the first commercially successful personal computers. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of the mouse-driven graphical user interface. After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs resigned from Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher education and business markets. NeXT’s subsequent 1997 buyout by Apple Computer Inc. brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded, and he has served as its CEO since then. Steve Jobs was listed as Fortune Magazine’s Most Powerful Businessman of 2007.
In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm Ltd which was spun off as Pixar Animation Studios. He remained CEO and majority shareholder until its acquisition by the Walt Disney Company in 2006. Jobs is currently a member of Walt Disney Company’s Board of Directors.
Jobs’ history in business has contributed greatly to the myths of the idiosyncratic, individualistic Silicon Valley entrepreneur, emphasizing the importance of design and understanding the crucial role aesthetics play in public appeal. His work driving forward the development of products that are both functional and elegant has earned him a devoted following.
翻译：
co-founder 联合创始人
chief executive officer 首席执行官，总裁（CEO）
Inc 股份有限公司（incorporated的缩写）
Pixar Animation Studios 皮克斯动画工作室
mouse 鼠标
graphical user interface 图形用户界面
board of directors 董事会，理事会
specialize 专门从事，专门研究
buyout 公司收购，控制股权收购
the computer graphics division 计算机图形部
Ltd 有限责任公司
shareholder 股东
Walt Disney Company 华特迪士尼公司
entrepreneur 企业家
Silicon Valley 硅谷
史蒂夫·保罗·乔布斯（出生于1955年2月24日）是一个美国商人，苹果公司的联合创始人和首席执行官。乔布斯以前是皮克斯动画工作室的CEO。在1970年晚期，乔布斯和联合创始人沃兹尼亚克，创造了第一台商业上成功的个人电脑。1980年早期，乔布斯第一个看到了鼠标——驱动式图形用户界面的商业潜力。1985年和董事会的力量斗争失败后，乔布斯从苹果辞职并成立了NeXT公司。NeXT公司是一个专门研究高等教育和商业市场的计算机平台开发公司。NeXT在随后的1997年被苹果电脑公司收购，乔布斯回到了他联合创立的公司，从那以后就一直做CEO。2007年乔布斯被列为财富杂志最具影响力的商人。1986年，他得到了从皮克斯动画工作室衍生出来的卢卡斯电影有限责任公司的计算机图形部。他一直担任CEO和最大股东，直到2006年被迪士尼公司收购。乔布斯目前是华特迪士尼公司董事会的一员。乔布斯的商业历史极大地促长了硅谷企业家个人主义的神话，强调设计的重要性，理解了审美在大众吸引力中的重要角色。他的工作推动了既实用又优雅的产品的开发，为他赢得了忠实的追随者。