轉自:https://blog.csdn.net/qijiqiguai/article/details/77269839
ABC(Abstract Base Class抽象基类)主要定义了不需要具体实现之基本类和抽象方法,可以为子类定义共有的API,相当于是Java中的接口或者是抽象类。
Python 对于ABC的支持模块是abc模块,定义了一个特殊的metaclass:ABCMeta 还有一些装饰器:@abstractmethod 和 @abstarctproperty 。abc.ABCMeta 用于在Python程序中创建抽象基类,而抽象基类如果想要声明“抽象方法”,可以使用 @abstractmethod ,如果想声明“抽象属性”,可以使用 @abstractproperty 。
为了解决Python2&3的兼容问题,需要引入six模块,该模块中有一个针对类的装饰器 @six.add_metaclass(MetaClass) 可以为两个版本的Python类方便地添加metaclass
通用做法:以裝飾器手法修飾類別 @six.add_metaclass(MetaClass) 的作用是在不同版本的Python之间提供一个优雅的声明类的metaclass的手段,事实上不用它也可以,只是使用了它代码更为整洁 |
import six import abc @six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta) class MyClass(object): pass |
在Python 3 等价于 |
import six import abc class MyClass(object, metaclass = ABCMeta): pass |
在Python 2.x (x >= 6)中等价于 |
import abc class MyClass(object): __metaclass__ = ABCMeta pass |
不建議採用此法:在類別中以方法作定義 或者直接调用装饰器,这里也能看出来装饰器就是个方法包装而已。 |
import six import abc class MyClass(object): pass MyClass = six.add_metaclass(ABCMeta)(MyClass) |
示例:
import abc import six
@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta) class BaseClass(object): @abc.abstractmethod def func_a(self, data): """ an abstract method need to be implemented """
@abc.abstractmethod def func_b(self, data): """ another abstract method need to be implemented """
class SubclassImpl(BaseClass): def func_a(self, data): print("Overriding func_a, " + str(data))
@staticmethod def func_c(self, data): print(type(self) + str(data))
class RegisteredImpl(object): @staticmethod def func_d(data): print("Method in third-party class, " + str(data))
BaseClass.register(RegisteredImpl) #讓BaseClass具有RegisteredImpl功能,此也是其下子類別
if __name__ == '__main__': for subclass in BaseClass.__subclasses__(): #由內定__subclasses__()方法查看含有那些子類別 print("subclass of BaseClass: " + subclass.__name__) #只會顯示繼承体系下之子類別,以register()方式不會顯示 print("subclass do not contains RegisteredImpl") print("-----------------------------------------------")
print("RegisteredImpl is subclass: " + str(issubclass(RegisteredImpl, BaseClass))) print("RegisteredImpl object is instance: " + str(isinstance(RegisteredImpl(), BaseClass))) print("SubclassImpl is subclass: " + str(issubclass(SubclassImpl, BaseClass)))
print("-----------------------------------------------") obj1 = RegisteredImpl() obj1.func_d("RegisteredImpl new object OK!") print("-----------------------------------------------") obj2 = SubclassImpl() #由于没有实例化所有的方法,所以这里会报错 Can't instantiate abstract class SubclassImpl with abstract methods func_b obj2.func_a("It's right!") |
结果如下: subclass of BaseClass: SubclassImpl subclass do not contains RegisteredImpl ----------------------------------------------- RegisteredImpl is subclass: True RegisteredImpl object is instance: True SubclassImpl is subclass: True ----------------------------------------------- Method in third-party class, RegisteredImpl new object OK! ----------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File obj2 = SubclassImpl() #由于没有实例化所有的方法,所以这里会报错 Can't instantiate abstract class SubclassImpl with abstract methods func_b TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class SubclassImpl with abstract methods func_b |
補充:參考 https://blog.csdn.net/ChangerJJLee/article/details/82355872
Python中没有提供抽象类与抽象方法,而是提供了内置abc模块来模拟实现抽象类,如提供泛映射类型的抽象类 abc.MutableMapping
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from collections import abc
class MyDic(abc.MutableMapping):
def __init__(self):
pass
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
print ('key: %s val: %s' % (key, value))
def __delitem__(self, key):
print ('key: %s ' % key)
def __getitem__(self, item):
print ('item: %s ' % str(item))
def __iter__(self):
pass
def __len__(self):
pass
当然直接继承abc.Mapping 也可以,毕竟MutableMapping是其子类,如下圖:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from collections import abc
if __name__ == '__main__':
mydic = dict()
print( issubclass(dict, abc.MutableMapping))
print( issubclass(dict, abc.Mapping))
print( isinstance(mydic, abc.MutableMapping))
print( isinstance(mydic, abc.Mapping))
运行结果
True
True
True
True
关于abc的通用模块
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作者:AngelovLee
来源:CSDN
原文:
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