netty中Pipeline的ChannelHandler执行顺序案例详解

一、netty的Pipeline模型

netty的Pipeline模型用的是责任链 设计模式,当boss线程监控到绑定端口上有accept事件,此时会为该socket连接实例化Pipeline,并将InboundHandler和OutboundHandler按序加载到Pipeline中,然后将该socket连接(也就是Channel对象)挂载到selector上。一个selector对应一个线程,该线程会轮询所有挂载在他身上的socket连接有没有read或write事件,然后通过线程池去执行Pipeline的业务流。selector如何查询哪些socket连接有read或write事件,主要取决于调用操作系统的哪种IO多路复用内核,如果是select(注意,此处的select是指操作系统内核的select IO多路复用,不是netty的seletor对象),那么将会遍历所有socket连接,依次询问是否有read或write事件,最终操作系统内核将所有IO事件的socket连接返回给netty进程,当有很多socket连接时,这种方式将会大大降低性能,因为存在大量socket连接的遍历和内核内存的拷贝。如果是epoll,性能将会大幅提升,因为他基于完成端口事件,已经维护好有IO事件的socket连接列表,selector直接取走,无需遍历,也少掉内核内存拷贝带来的性能损耗。

Pipeline的责任链是通过ChannelHandlerContext对象串联的,ChannelHandlerContext对象里封装了ChannelHandler对象,通过prev和next节点实现双向链表。Pipeline的首尾节点分别是head和tail,当selector轮询到socket有read事件时,将会触发Pipeline责任链,从head开始调起第一个InboundHandler的ChannelRead事件,接着通过fire方法依次触发Pipeline上的下一个ChannelHandler,如下图:

ChannelHandler分为InbounHandler和OutboundHandler,InboundHandler用来处理接收消息,OutboundHandler用来处理发送消息。head的ChannelHandler既是InboundHandler又是OutboundHandler,无论是read还是write都会经过head,所以head封装了unsafe方法,用来操作socket的read和write。tail的ChannelHandler只是InboundHandler,read的Pipleline处理将会最终到达tail。

二、通过六组实验验证InboundHandler和OutboundHandler的执行顺序

在做实验之前,先把实验代码贴出来。

EchoServer类:

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 1 package com.wisdlab.nettylab;
 2 
 3 import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
 4 import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
 5 import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
 6 import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;
 7 import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
 8 import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
 9 import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
10 import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
11 
12 /**
13  * @ClassName EchoServer
14  * @Description TODO
15  * @Author felix
16  * @Date 2019/9/26 10:37
17  * @Version 1.0
18  **/
19 public class EchoServer {
20     private int port;
21 
22     public EchoServer(int port) {
23         this.port = port;
24     }
25 
26     private void run() {
27         EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
28         EventLoopGroup workGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
29 
30         try {
31             ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
32             serverBootstrap.group(bossGroup, workGroup)
33                     .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
34                     .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer() {
35                         @Override
36                         protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
37                             //outboundhandler一定要放在最后一个inboundhandler之前
38                             //否则outboundhandler将不会执行到
39                             socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new EchoOutboundHandler3());
40                             socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new EchoOutboundHandler2());
41                             socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new EchoOutboundHandler1());
42 
43                             socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new EchoInboundHandler1());
44                             socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new EchoInboundHandler2());
45                             socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new EchoInboundHandler3());
46                         }
47                     })
48                     .option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 10000)
49                     .childOption(ChannelOption.SO_KEEPALIVE, true);
50             System.out.println("EchoServer正在启动.");
51 
52             ChannelFuture channelFuture = serverBootstrap.bind(port).sync();
53             System.out.println("EchoServer绑定端口" + port);
54 
55             channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
56             System.out.println("EchoServer已关闭.");
57         } catch (Exception e) {
58             e.printStackTrace();
59         } finally {
60             bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
61             workGroup.shutdownGracefully();
62         }
63     }
64 
65     public static void main(String[] args) {
66         int port = 8080;
67         if (args != null && args.length > 0) {
68             try {
69                 port = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
70             } catch (Exception e) {
71                 e.printStackTrace();
72             }
73         }
74 
75         EchoServer server = new EchoServer(port);
76         server.run();
77     }
78 }
View Code

EchoInboundHandler1类:

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 1 package com.wisdlab.nettylab;
 2 
 3 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
 4 import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
 5 import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
 6 import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
 7 import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;
 8 
 9 /**
10  * @ClassName EchoInboundHandler1
11  * @Description TODO
12  * @Author felix
13  * @Date 2019/9/26 11:15
14  * @Version 1.0
15  **/
16 public class EchoInboundHandler1 extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
17     @Override
18     public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
19         System.out.println("进入 EchoInboundHandler1.channelRead");
20 
21         String data = ((ByteBuf)msg).toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8);
22         System.out.println("EchoInboundHandler1.channelRead 收到数据:" + data);
23         ctx.fireChannelRead(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("[EchoInboundHandler1] " + data, CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
24 
25         System.out.println("退出 EchoInboundHandler1 channelRead");
26     }
27 
28     @Override
29     public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
30         System.out.println("[EchoInboundHandler1.channelReadComplete]");
31     }
32 
33     @Override
34     public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
35         System.out.println("[EchoInboundHandler1.exceptionCaught]" + cause.toString());
36     }
37 }
View Code

EchoInboundHandler2类:

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 1 package com.wisdlab.nettylab;
 2 
 3 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
 4 import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
 5 import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
 6 import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
 7 import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;
 8 
 9 /**
10  * @ClassName EchoInboundHandler2
11  * @Description TODO
12  * @Author felix
13  * @Date 2019/9/27 15:35
14  * @Version 1.0
15  **/
16 public class EchoInboundHandler2 extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
17     @Override
18     public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
19         System.out.println("进入 EchoInboundHandler2.channelRead");
20 
21         String data = ((ByteBuf) msg).toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8);
22         System.out.println("EchoInboundHandler2.channelRead 接收到数据:" + data);
23         //ctx.writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("[第一次write] [EchoInboundHandler2] " + data, CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
24         ctx.channel().writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("测试一下channel().writeAndFlush", CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
25         ctx.fireChannelRead(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("[EchoInboundHandler2] " + data, CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
26 
27         System.out.println("退出 EchoInboundHandler2 channelRead");
28     }
29 
30     @Override
31     public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
32         System.out.println("[EchoInboundHandler2.channelReadComplete]读取数据完成");
33     }
34 
35     @Override
36     public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
37         System.out.println("[EchoInboundHandler2.exceptionCaught]");
38     }
39 }
View Code

EchoInboundHandler3类:

www.wityx.com www.wityx.com
 1 package com.wisdlab.nettylab;
 2 
 3 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
 4 import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
 5 import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
 6 import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
 7 import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;
 8 
 9 /**
10  * @ClassName EchoInboundHandler3
11  * @Description TODO
12  * @Author felix
13  * @Date 2019/10/23 13:43
14  * @Version 1.0
15  **/
16 public class EchoInboundHandler3 extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
17     @Override
18     public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
19         System.out.println("进入 EchoInboundHandler3.channelRead");
20 
21         String data = ((ByteBuf)msg).toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8);
22         System.out.println("EchoInboundHandler3.channelRead 接收到数据:" + data);
23         //ctx.writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("[第二次write] [EchoInboundHandler3] " + data, CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
24         ctx.fireChannelRead(msg);
25 
26         System.out.println("退出 EchoInboundHandler3 channelRead");
27     }
28 
29     @Override
30     public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
31         System.out.println("[EchoInboundHandler3.channelReadComplete]读取数据完成");
32     }
33 
34     @Override
35     public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
36         System.out.println("[EchoInboundHandler3.exceptionCaught]");
37     }
38 
39 
40 }
View Code

EchoOutboundHandler1类:

www.wityx.com www.wityx.com
 1 package com.wisdlab.nettylab;
 2 
 3 import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
 4 import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
 5 import io.netty.channel.ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter;
 6 import io.netty.channel.ChannelPromise;
 7 import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;
 8 
 9 /**
10  * @ClassName EchoOutboundHandler1
11  * @Description TODO
12  * @Author felix
13  * @Date 2019/9/27 15:36
14  * @Version 1.0
15  **/
16 public class EchoOutboundHandler1 extends ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter {
17     @Override
18     public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception {
19         System.out.println("进入 EchoOutboundHandler1.write");
20 
21         //ctx.writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("[第一次write中的write]", CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
22         ctx.channel().writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("在OutboundHandler里测试一下channel().writeAndFlush", CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
23         ctx.write(msg);
24 
25         System.out.println("退出 EchoOutboundHandler1.write");
26     }
27 }
View Code

EchoOutboundHandler2类:

www.wityx.com www.wityx.com
 1 package com.wisdlab.nettylab;
 2 
 3 import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
 4 import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
 5 import io.netty.channel.ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter;
 6 import io.netty.channel.ChannelPromise;
 7 import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;
 8 
 9 /**
10  * @ClassName EchoOutboundHandler2
11  * @Description TODO
12  * @Author felix
13  * @Date 2019/9/27 15:36
14  * @Version 1.0
15  **/
16 public class EchoOutboundHandler2 extends ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter {
17 
18     @Override
19     public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception {
20         System.out.println("进入 EchoOutboundHandler2.write");
21 
22         //ctx.writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("[第二次write中的write]", CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
23         ctx.write(msg);
24 
25         System.out.println("退出 EchoOutboundHandler2.write");
26     }
27 }
View Code

EchoOutboundHandler3类:

www.wityx.com www.wityx.com
 1 package com.wisdlab.nettylab;
 2 
 3 import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
 4 import io.netty.channel.ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter;
 5 import io.netty.channel.ChannelPromise;
 6 
 7 /**
 8  * @ClassName EchoOutboundHandler3
 9  * @Description TODO
10  * @Author felix
11  * @Date 2019/10/23 23:23
12  * @Version 1.0
13  **/
14 public class EchoOutboundHandler3 extends ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter {
15     @Override
16     public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception {
17         System.out.println("进入 EchoOutboundHandler3.write");
18 
19         ctx.write(msg);
20 
21         System.out.println("退出 EchoOutboundHandler3.write");
22     }
23 
24 }
View Code

实验一:在InboundHandler中不触发fire方法,后续的InboundHandler还能顺序执行吗?

如上图所示,InboundHandler2没有调用fire方法:

1     public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
2         System.out.println("进入 EchoInboundHandler1.channelRead");
3 
4         String data = ((ByteBuf)msg).toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8);
5         System.out.println("EchoInboundHandler1.channelRead 收到数据:" + data);
6         //ctx.fireChannelRead(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("[EchoInboundHandler1] " + data, CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
7 
8         System.out.println("退出 EchoInboundHandler1 channelRead");
9     }

那么InboundHandler中的代码还会被执行到吗?看一下执行结果:

由上图可知,InboundHandler2没有调用fire事件,InboundHandler3没有被执行。

结论:InboundHandler是通过fire事件决定是否要执行下一个InboundHandler,如果哪个InboundHandler没有调用fire事件,那么往后的Pipeline就断掉了。

实验二:InboundHandler和OutboundHandler的执行顺序是什么?

加入Pipeline的ChannelHandler的顺序如上图所示,那么最后执行的顺序如何呢?执行结果如下:

由上图可知,执行顺序为:

InboundHandler1 => InboundHandler2 => OutboundHandler1 => OutboundHander2 => OutboundHandler3 => InboundHandler3

所以,我们得到以下几个结论:

1、InboundHandler是按照Pipleline的加载顺序,顺序执行。

2、OutboundHandler是按照Pipeline的加载顺序,逆序执行。

实验三:如果把OutboundHandler放在InboundHandler的后面,OutboundHandler会执行吗?

执行结果如下:

由此可见,OutboundHandler没有执行,为什么呢?因为Pipleline是执行完所有有效的InboundHandler,再返回执行在最后一个InboundHandler之前的OutboundHandler。注意,有效的InboundHandler是指fire事件触达到的InboundHandler,如果某个InboundHandler没有调用fire事件,后面的InboundHandler都是无效的InboundHandler。为了印证这一点,我们继续做一个实验,我们把其中一个OutboundHandler放在最后一个有效的InboundHandler之前, 看看这唯一的一个OutboundHandler是否会执行,其他OutboundHandler是否不会执行。

执行结果如下:

由此可见,只执行了OutboundHandler1,其他OutboundHandler没有被执行。

所以,我们得到以下几个结论:

1、有效的InboundHandler是指通过fire事件能触达到的最后一个InboundHander。

2、如果想让所有的OutboundHandler都能被执行到,那么必须把OutboundHandler放在最后一个有效的InboundHandler之前。

3、推荐的做法是通过addFirst加载所有OutboundHandler,再通过addLast加载所有InboundHandler。

实验四:如果其中一个OutboundHandler没有执行write方法,那么消息会不会发送出去?

我们把OutboundHandler2的write方法注掉

1     public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception {
2         System.out.println("进入 EchoOutboundHandler3.write");
3 
4         //ctx.write(msg);
5 
6         System.out.println("退出 EchoOutboundHandler3.write");
7     }

执行结果如下:

可以看到,OutboundHandler3并没有被执行到,另外,客户端也没有收到发送的消息。

所以,我们得到以下几个结论:

1、OutboundHandler是通过write方法实现Pipeline的串联的。

2、如果OutboundHandler在Pipeline的处理链上,其中一个OutboundHandler没有调用write方法,最终消息将不会发送出去。

实验五:ctx.writeAndFlush 的OutboundHandler的执行顺序是什么?

我们设定ChannelHandler在Pipeline中的加载顺序如下:

OutboundHandler3 => InboundHandler1 => OutboundHandler2 => InboundHandler2 => OutboundHandler1 => InboundHandler3

在InboundHander2中调用ctx.writeAndFlush:

 1     public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
 2         System.out.println("进入 EchoInboundHandler2.channelRead");
 3 
 4         String data = ((ByteBuf) msg).toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8);
 5         System.out.println("EchoInboundHandler2.channelRead 接收到数据:" + data);
 6         ctx.writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("[第一次write] [EchoInboundHandler2] " + data, CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
 7         //ctx.channel().writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("测试一下channel().writeAndFlush", CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
 8         ctx.fireChannelRead(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("[EchoInboundHandler2] " + data, CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
 9 
10         System.out.println("退出 EchoInboundHandler2 channelRead");
11     }

执行结果如下:

由上图可知,依次执行了OutboundHandler2和OutboundHandler3,为什么会这样呢?因为ctx.writeAndFlush是从当前的ChannelHandler开始,向前依次执行OutboundHandler的write方法,所以分别执行了OutboundHandler2和OutboundHandler3:

OutboundHandler3 => InboundHandler1 => OutboundHandler2 => InboundHandler2 => OutboundHandler1 => InboundHandler3

所以,我们得到如下结论:

1、ctx.writeAndFlush是从当前ChannelHandler开始,逆序向前执行OutboundHandler。

2、ctx.writeAndFlush所在ChannelHandler后面的OutboundHandler将不会被执行。

实验六:ctx.channel().writeAndFlush 的OutboundHandler的执行顺序是什么?

还是实验五的代码,不同之处只是把ctx.writeAndFlush修改为ctx.channel().writeAndFlush。

 1     public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
 2         System.out.println("进入 EchoInboundHandler2.channelRead");
 3 
 4         String data = ((ByteBuf) msg).toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8);
 5         System.out.println("EchoInboundHandler2.channelRead 接收到数据:" + data);
 6         //ctx.writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("[第一次write] [EchoInboundHandler2] " + data, CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
 7         ctx.channel().writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("测试一下channel().writeAndFlush", CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
 8         ctx.fireChannelRead(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("[EchoInboundHandler2] " + data, CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
 9 
10         System.out.println("退出 EchoInboundHandler2 channelRead");
11     }

执行结果如下:

由上图可知,所有OutboundHandler都执行了,由此我们得到结论:

1、ctx.channel().writeAndFlush 是从最后一个OutboundHandler开始,依次逆序向前执行其他OutboundHandler,即使最后一个ChannelHandler是OutboundHandler,在InboundHandler之前,也会执行该OutbondHandler。

2、千万不要在OutboundHandler的write方法里执行ctx.channel().writeAndFlush,否则就死循环了。

 三、总结

1、InboundHandler是通过fire事件决定是否要执行下一个InboundHandler,如果哪个InboundHandler没有调用fire事件,那么往后的Pipeline就断掉了。
2、InboundHandler是按照Pipleline的加载顺序,顺序执行。
3、OutboundHandler是按照Pipeline的加载顺序,逆序执行。
4、有效的InboundHandler是指通过fire事件能触达到的最后一个InboundHander。
5、如果想让所有的OutboundHandler都能被执行到,那么必须把OutboundHandler放在最后一个有效的InboundHandler之前。
6、推荐的做法是通过addFirst加载所有OutboundHandler,再通过addLast加载所有InboundHandler。
7、OutboundHandler是通过write方法实现Pipeline的串联的。
8、如果OutboundHandler在Pipeline的处理链上,其中一个OutboundHandler没有调用write方法,最终消息将不会发送出去。
9、ctx.writeAndFlush是从当前ChannelHandler开始,逆序向前执行OutboundHandler。
10、ctx.writeAndFlush所在ChannelHandler后面的OutboundHandler将不会被执行。
11、ctx.channel().writeAndFlush 是从最后一个OutboundHandler开始,依次逆序向前执行其他OutboundHandler,即使最后一个ChannelHandler是OutboundHandler,在InboundHandler之前,也会执行该OutbondHandler。
12、千万不要在OutboundHandler的write方法里执行ctx.channel().writeAndFlush,否则就死循环了。

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