Trie的java实现

关注Trie 这种结构已经很久,Trie有一个很有趣的用途,那就是自动提示。而且,前不久在一次面试里,也需要用Trie来解答。所以,在此对这个数据结构进行总结。


Trie,又称单词查找树键树,是一种形结构。典型应用是用于统计和排序大量的字符串(但不仅限于字符串),所以经常被搜索引擎系统用于文本词频统计。它的优点是:最大限度地减少无谓的字符串比较,查询效率比哈希表高。

它有3个基本性质:

  1. 根节点不包含字符,除根节点外每一个节点都只包含一个字符。
  2. 从根节点到某一节点,路径上经过的字符连接起来,为该节点对应的字符串。
  3. 每个节点的所有子节点包含的字符都不相同。

下面这个图就是Trie的表示,每一条边表示一个字符,如果结束,就用星号表示。在这个Trie结构里,我们有下面字符串,比如do, dork, dorm等,但是Trie里没有ba, 也没有sen,因为在a, 和n结尾,没有结束符号(星号)。



有了这样一种数据结构,我们可以用它来保存一个字典,要查询改字典里是否有相应的词,是否非常的方便呢?我们也可以做智能提示,我们把用户已经搜索的词存在Trie里,每当用户输入一个词的时候,我们可以自动提示,比如当用户输入 ba, 我们会自动提示 bat 和 baii.

现在来讨论Trie的实现。

首先,我们定义一个Abstract Trie,Trie 里存放的是一个Node。这个类里有两个操作,一个是插入,另一个是查询。具体实现放在后面。

abstract class Trie() { private Node root; public Trie() { root = new Node(' '); } public void insert(String s); public boolean search(String s); }Node 类的实现
class Node { char content; boolean marker; LinkedList child; public Node(char c){ child = new LinkedList(); marker = false; content = c; } public Node subNode(char c){ if(child != null){ for(Node eachChild : child){ if(eachChild.content == c){ return eachChild; } } } return null; } }
现在我们来看这个Trie类的具体实现。

public class Trie{ private Node root; public Trie(){ root = new Node(' '); } public void insert(String s){ Node current = root; if(s.length() == 0) //For an empty character current.marker = true; for(int i = 0;i < s.length();i++){ Node child = current.subNode(s.charAt(i)); if(child != null){ current = child; } else { current.child.add(new Node(s.charAt(i))); current = current.subNode(s.charAt(i)); } // Set marker to indicate end of the word if(i==s.length()-1) current.marker = true; } } public boolean search(String s){ Node current = root; while(current != null){ for(int i=0;i 时间复杂度分析:

对于insert, 如果被插入的String长度是 k, 每对一个字符进行查询,我们最多在child linkedlist里面查询26次(最多26个字母),所以,复杂度为O(26*k) = O(k). 对于 search, 复杂度是一样的。

本文代码来自:http://www.technicalypto.com/2010/04/trie-in-java.html


另一个版本的Trie的JAVA实现。思路是一样的,只是实现方式有少许区别。

import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map; public class Trie { private static class Node { private boolean isWord = false; // indicates a complete word private int prefixes = 0; // indicates how many words have the prefix private Map children = new HashMap(); // references to all possible children } private Node root = new Node(); /** * Inserts a new word into the trie * @param word */ public void insertWord(String word){ if(searchWord(word) == true) return; Node current = root; for(char c : word.toCharArray()){ if(current.children.containsKey(Character.valueOf(c))){ Node child = current.children.get(Character.valueOf(c)); child.prefixes++; current = child; }else{ Node child = new Node(); child.prefixes = 1; current.children.put(Character.valueOf(c), child); current = child; } } // we have reached the endof the word, hence mark it true // if during a search we reach the end of the search string and this // flag is still false, then the search string is not registered as a valid // word in the trie but is a prefix current.isWord = true; } /** * Searches for a word in the trie * @param word */ public boolean searchWord(String word){ Node current = root; for(char c : word.toCharArray()){ if(current.children.containsKey(Character.valueOf(c))){ current = current.children.get(Character.valueOf(c)); }else{ return false; } } // if at the end of the search of entire word the boolean variable is // still false means that the given word is not regitered as a valid // word in the trie, but is a prefix return current.isWord; } /** * Deletes a word from the trie * @param word */ public void deleteWord(String word){ if(searchWord(word) == false) return; Node current = root; for(char c : word.toCharArray()){ Node child = current.children.get(Character.valueOf(c)); if(child.prefixes == 1){ current.children.remove(Character.valueOf(c)); return; }else{ child.prefixes--; current = child; } } // since the word is removed now, set the flag to false current.isWord = false; } public static void main(String[] args) { Trie trie = new Trie(); trie.insertWord("ball"); trie.insertWord("balls"); trie.insertWord("bat"); trie.insertWord("doll"); trie.insertWord("dork"); trie.insertWord("dorm"); trie.insertWord("send"); trie.insertWord("sense"); // testing deletion //System.out.println(trie.searchWord("ball")); //trie.deleteWord("ball"); //System.out.println(trie.searchWord("ball")); //System.out.println(trie.searchWord("balls")); // testing insertion //System.out.println(trie.searchWord("dumb")); //trie.insertWord("dumb"); //System.out.println(trie.searchWord("dumb")); //trie.deleteWord("dumb"); //System.out.println(trie.searchWord("dumb")); } }


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