谈谈Cassandra的客户端

最近试用了一段时间Cassandra,将Oracle中的数据导入进来,遇到了问题然后解决问题,收获挺大。在这个过程中,除了设计一个合理的数据模型,再就是使用Cassandra API进行交互了。

Cassandra在设计的时候,就是支持Thrift的,这意味着我们可以使用多种语言开发。

对于Cassandra的开发本身而言,这是使用Thrift的好处:支持多语言。坏处也是显而易见的:Thrift API功能过于简单,不具备在生产环境使用的条件。

在Cassandra Wiki页面上,也有基于Thrift API开发的更加高级的API,各个语言都有,具体信息可以参考:http://wiki.apache.org/cassandra/ClientExamples 。

这次只谈谈下面两类Java的客户端:

1 Thrift Java API

2 hector

Thrift Java API

这个是Cassandra自带的最简单的一类API,这个文件在apache-cassandra-0.5.1.jar中包含了。可以直接使用。我们也可以自己安装一个Thrift,然后通过cassandra.thrift文件自动生成。

如果你要使用Cassandra,那么我们必须要了解Thrift API,毕竟所有的其他更加高级的API都是基于这个来包装的。

提供的功能

插入数据

插入数据需要指定keyspace,ColumnFamily, Column,Key,Value,timestamp和数据同步级别。(如何需要了Cassandra的解数据模型,可以参考《大话Cassandra数据模型 》)

/**
 * Insert a Column consisting of (column_path.column, value, timestamp) at the given column_path.column_family and optional
 * column_path.super_column. Note that column_path.column is here required, since a SuperColumn cannot directly contain binary
 * values -- it can only contain sub-Columns.
 * 
 * @param keyspace
 * @param key
 * @param column_path
 * @param value
 * @param timestamp
 * @param consistency_level
 */
public
 void
 insert(String keyspace, String key, ColumnPath column_path, byte
[] value, long
 timestamp, int
 consistency_level) throws
 InvalidRequestException, UnavailableException, TimedOutException, TException;
 
/**
 * Insert Columns or SuperColumns across different Column Families for the same row key. batch_mutation is a
 * map> -- a map which pairs column family names with the relevant ColumnOrSuperColumn
 * objects to insert.
 * 
 * @param keyspace
 * @param key
 * @param cfmap
 * @param consistency_level
 */
public
 void
 batch_insert(String keyspace, String key, Map> cfmap, int
 consistency_level) throws
 InvalidRequestException, UnavailableException, TimedOutException, TException;

读取数据

获取一个查询条件精确的值。

/**
 * Get the Column or SuperColumn at the given column_path. If no value is present, NotFoundException is thrown. (This is
 * the only method that can throw an exception under non-failure conditions.)
 * 
 * @param keyspace
 * @param key
 * @param column_path
 * @param consistency_level
 */
public
 ColumnOrSuperColumn get(String keyspace, String key, ColumnPath column_path, int
 consistency_level) throws
 InvalidRequestException, NotFoundException, UnavailableException, TimedOutException, TException;
 
/**
 * Perform a get for column_path in parallel on the given list keys. The return value maps keys to the
 * ColumnOrSuperColumn found. If no value corresponding to a key is present, the key will still be in the map, but both
 * the column and super_column references of the ColumnOrSuperColumn object it maps to will be null.
 * 
 * @param keyspace
 * @param keys
 * @param column_path
 * @param consistency_level
 */
public
 Map multiget(String keyspace, List keys, ColumnPath column_path, int
 consistency_level) throws
 InvalidRequestException, UnavailableException, TimedOutException, TException;

获取某一个keyspace,Key,ColumnFamily,SuperColumn(如果有的话需要指定)下面的相关数据:只查询Column的name符合条件的相关数据(SlicePredicate)。

/**
 * Get the group of columns contained by column_parent (either a ColumnFamily name or a ColumnFamily/SuperColumn name
 * pair) specified by the given SlicePredicate. If no matching values are found, an empty list is returned.
 * 
 * @param keyspace
 * @param key
 * @param column_parent
 * @param predicate
 * @param consistency_level
 */
public
 List get_slice(String keyspace, String key, ColumnParent column_parent, SlicePredicate predicate, int
 consistency_level) throws
 InvalidRequestException, UnavailableException, TimedOutException, TException;
 
/**
 * Performs a get_slice for column_parent and predicate for the given keys in parallel.
 * 
 * @param keyspace
 * @param keys
 * @param column_parent
 * @param predicate
 * @param consistency_level
 */
public
 Map> multiget_slice(String keyspace, List keys, ColumnParent column_parent, SlicePredicate predicate, int
 consistency_level) throws
 InvalidRequestException, UnavailableException, TimedOutException, TException;

查询Key的取值范围(使用这个功能需要使用order-preserving partitioner)。

/**
 * @deprecated; use get_range_slice instead
 * 
 * @param keyspace
 * @param column_family
 * @param start
 * @param finish
 * @param count
 * @param consistency_level
 */
public
 List get_key_range(String keyspace, String column_family, String start, String finish, int
 count, int
 consistency_level) throws
 InvalidRequestException, UnavailableException, TimedOutException, TException;
 
/**
 * returns a subset of columns for a range of keys.
 * 
 * @param keyspace
 * @param column_parent
 * @param predicate
 * @param start_key
 * @param finish_key
 * @param row_count
 * @param consistency_level
 */
public
 List get_range_slice(String keyspace, ColumnParent column_parent, SlicePredicate predicate, String start_key, String finish_key, int
 row_count, int
 consistency_level) throws
 InvalidRequestException, UnavailableException, TimedOutException, TException;

查询系统的信息。

/**
 * get property whose value is of type string.
 * 
 * @param property
 */
public
 String get_string_property(String property) throws
 TException;
 
/**
 * get property whose value is list of strings.
 * 
 * @param property
 */
public
 List get_string_list_property(String property) throws
 TException;
 
/**
 * describe specified keyspace
 * 
 * @param keyspace
 */
public
 Map> describe_keyspace(String keyspace) throws
 NotFoundException, TException;

通过这些操作,我们可以了解到系统的信息。

其中一个比较有意思的查询信息是:token map,通过这个我们可以知道哪些Cassandra Service是可以提供服务的。

删除数据

/**
 * Remove data from the row specified by key at the granularity specified by column_path, and the given timestamp. Note
 * that all the values in column_path besides column_path.column_family are truly optional: you can remove the entire
 * row by just specifying the ColumnFamily, or you can remove a SuperColumn or a single Column by specifying those levels too.
 * 
 * @param keyspace
 * @param key
 * @param column_path
 * @param timestamp
 * @param consistency_level
 */
public
 void
 remove(String keyspace, String key, ColumnPath column_path, long
 timestamp, int
 consistency_level) throws
 InvalidRequestException, UnavailableException, TimedOutException, TException;

这里需要注意的是,由于一致性的问题。这里的删除操作不会立即删除所有机器上的该数据,但是最终会一致。

程序范例

import
 java.util.List;
import
 java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
 
import
 org.apache.thrift.transport.TTransport;
import
 org.apache.thrift.transport.TSocket;
import
 org.apache.thrift.protocol.TProtocol;
import
 org.apache.thrift.protocol.TBinaryProtocol;
import
 org.apache.thrift.TException;
import
 org.apache.cassandra.service.*;
 
public
 class
 CClient
{
    public
 static
 void
 main(String[] args)
    throws
 TException, InvalidRequestException, UnavailableException, UnsupportedEncodingException, NotFoundException
    {
        TTransport tr = new
 TSocket("localhost"
, 9160);
        TProtocol proto = new
 TBinaryProtocol(tr);
        Cassandra.Client client = new
 Cassandra.Client(proto);
        tr.open();
 
        String key_user_id = "逖靖寒的世界"
;
 
        // insert data
        long
 timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
        client.insert("Keyspace1"
,
                      key_user_id,
                      new
 ColumnPath("Standard1"
, null, "网址"
.getBytes("UTF-8"
)),
                      "http://gpcuster.cnblogs.com"
.getBytes("UTF-8"
),
                      timestamp,
                      ConsistencyLevel.ONE);
        client.insert("Keyspace1"
,
                      key_user_id,
                      new
 ColumnPath("Standard1"
, null, "作者"
.getBytes("UTF-8"
)),
                      "逖靖寒"
.getBytes("UTF-8"
),
                      timestamp,
                      ConsistencyLevel.ONE);
 
        // read single column
        ColumnPath path = new
 ColumnPath("Standard1"
, null, "name"
.getBytes("UTF-8"
));
        System.out.println(client.get("Keyspace1"
, key_user_id, path, ConsistencyLevel.ONE));
 
        // read entire row
        SlicePredicate predicate = new
 SlicePredicate(null, new
 SliceRange(new
 byte
[0], new
 byte
[0], false, 10));
        ColumnParent parent = new
 ColumnParent("Standard1"
, null);
        List results = client.get_slice("Keyspace1"
, key_user_id, parent, predicate, ConsistencyLevel.ONE);
        for
 (ColumnOrSuperColumn result : results)
        {
            Column column = result.column;
            System.out.println(new
 String(column.name, "UTF-8"
) + " -> "
 + new
 String(column.value, "UTF-8"
));
        }
 
        tr.close();
    }
}

优点与缺点

优点:简单高效

缺点:功能简单,无法提供连接池,错误处理等功能,不适合直接在生产环境使用。

Hector

Hector是基于Thrift Java API包装的一个Java客户端,提供一个更加高级的一个抽象。

程序范例

package
 me.prettyprint.cassandra.service;
 
import
 static
 me.prettyprint.cassandra.utils.StringUtils.bytes;
import
 static
 me.prettyprint.cassandra.utils.StringUtils.string;
 
import
 org.apache.cassandra.service.Column;
import
 org.apache.cassandra.service.ColumnPath;
 
public
 class
 ExampleClient {
 
  public
 static
 void
 main(String[] args) throws
 IllegalStateException, PoolExhaustedException,
      Exception {
    CassandraClientPool pool = CassandraClientPoolFactory.INSTANCE.get();
    CassandraClient client = pool.borrowClient("localhost"
, 9160);
    // A load balanced version would look like this:
    // CassandraClient client = pool.borrowClient(new String[] {"cas1:9160", "cas2:9160", "cas3:9160"});
 
    try
 {
      Keyspace keyspace = client.getKeyspace("Keyspace1"
);
      ColumnPath columnPath = new
 ColumnPath("Standard1"
, null, bytes("网址"
));
 
      // insert
      keyspace.insert("逖靖寒的世界"
, columnPath, bytes("http://gpcuster.cnblogs.com"
));
 
      // read
      Column col = keyspace.getColumn("逖靖寒的世界"
, columnPath);
 
      System.out.println("Read from cassandra: "
 + string(col.getValue()));
 
    } finally
 {
      // return client to pool. do it in a finally block to make sure it's executed
      pool.releaseClient(client);
    }
  }
}

优点

1 提供连接池。

2 提供错误处理:当操作失败的时候,Hector会根据系统信息(token map)自动连接另一个Cassandra Service。

3 编程接口容易使用。

4 支持JMX。

缺点

1 不支持多线程的环境。

2 keyspace封装过多(数据校验和数据重新封装),如果进行大量的数据操作,这里的消耗需要考虑。

3 错误处理不够人性化:如果所有的Cassandra Service都非常繁忙,那么经过多次操作失败后,最终的结果失败。

总结

Hector已经是一个基本足够使用的Java客户端了,但是还是缺乏一些相关的功能,比如:

1 线程安全。

2 支持自动的多线程查询和插入,提高操作效率。

3 人性化的错误处理机制。

4 避免过多的封装。

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